Minor Allele Frequencies and Molecular Pathways Differences for SNPs Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Subjects Participating in the UKBB and 1000 Genomes Project

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease with a late onset and is characterized by the progressive loss of muscular and respiratory functions. Although recent studies have partially elucidated ALS’s mechanisms, many questions remain such as what the most important molecular pathways involved in ALS are and why there is such a large difference in ALS onset among different populations. In this study, we addressed this issue with a bioinformatics approach, using the United Kingdom Biobank (UKBB) and the European 1000 Genomes Project (1KG) in order to analyze the most ALS-representative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differ for minor allele frequency (MAF) between the United Kingdom population and some European populations including Finnish in Finland, Iberian population in Spain, and Tuscans in Italy. We found 84 SNPs associated with 46 genes that are involved in different pathways including: “Ca2+ activated K+ channels”, “cGMP effects”, ”Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase”, “Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters”, and “Signaling by MAPK mutants”. In addition, we revealed that 83% of the 84 SNPs can alter transcription factor-motives binding sites of 224 genes implicated in “Regulation of beta-cell development”, “Transcription-al regulation by RUNX3”, “Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells”, and “FOXO-mediated transcription of cell death genes”. In conclusion, the genes and pathways analyzed could explain the cause of the difference of ALS onset.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Diet Review

“…This disease is not only widely heterogenic at a genetic, clinical and neuropathological level [ 12 , 13 ], but it is also characterized by a non-homogeneous spread around the world, with a particular difference in onset frequency between Western countries, such as European countries (2.1 to 3.8 cases per 100,000 person-years) [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and Eastern countries, such as South Korea (1.2 cases per 100,000 person-years) [ 19 ] and China (0.8 cases per 100.000 person-years) [ 20 ]. The difference in geographic distribution of ALS could suggest the use of genetic tests for ALS patients to better understand the genetic landscape of the disease and an effective therapy [ 21 ].…”