“…Many learning analytics applications use data generated from learner activities, such as the number of clicks (Siemens, 2013;Wolff, Zdrahal, Nikolov, & Pantucek, 2013), learner participation in discussion forums (Agudo-Peregrina, Iglesias-Pradas, Conde-González, & Hernández-García, 2014;Macfadyen & Dawson, 2010), or (continuous) computer-assisted formative assessments (Author A, , 2012bWolff et al, 2013). User behaviour data are frequently supplemented with background data retrieved from learning management systems (LMS) (Macfadyen & Dawson, 2010) and other student admission systems, such as accounts of prior education (Arbaugh, 2014;Richardson, 2012).…”