Minimum Active Component Count Design of a PIλDμ Controller and Its Application in a Cardiac Pacemaker System

Abstract

A generalized structure for implementing fractional-order controllers is introduced in this paper. This is achieved thanks to the consideration of the controller transfer function as a ratio of integer and non-integer impedances. The non-integer order impedance is implemented using RC networks, such as the Foster and Cauer networks. The main offered benefit, with regards to the corresponding convectional implementations, is the reduced active and, also, passive component count. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed concept, a controller suitable for implementing a cardiac pacemaker control system is designed. The evaluation of the performance of the system is performed through circuit simulation results, using a second-generation voltage conveyor as the active element.

Complex‐order controller design examples and their implementation

“…Therefore, a suitable choice of values of the impedances could be and with being an arbitrary value resistor 14 …”

“…Therefore, a suitable choice of values of the impedances could be Z 2 ¼ R Á H approx ðsÞ and Z 1 ¼ R, with R being an arbitrary value resistor. 14 The reason for choosing a CFOA is that it offers a low-impedance output terminal instead of a high-impedance one as in the case of the second generation current conveyor (CCII) and, consequently, an extra buffering stage is not…”

Design of Complex-Order PI/PID Speed Controllers and its FPAA Realization

“…Also, these methods are not suitable for approximating fractional-order differentiators or integrators of complex orders. Following Bingi et al [12] curvefitting-based approach for the approximation of the FOPID controller of complex orders, here the functions ( 9) and (10) are approximated by means of the Sanathanan-Koener (SK) iterative method [21], [22]. The first step in this technique is to determine the frequency response data from (9) for…”