Minimizing the Heat Effect of Photodynamic Therapy Based on Inorganic Nanocomposites Mediated by 808 nm Near‐Infrared Light

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on photosensitizers (PSs) constructed with nanomaterials has become popular in cancer treatment, especially oral carcinoma cell. This therapy is characterized by improved PS accumulation in tumor regions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for PDT under specific excitation. In the selection of near-infrared (NIR) window, 808 nm NIR light because it can avoid the absorption of water is particularly suitable for the application in PDT. Hence, multiband emissions under a single 808 nm near-infrared excitation of Nd -sensitized upconversion nanoparticles (808 nm UCNPs) have been applied for the PDT effect. 808 nm UCNPs serve as light converter to emit UV light to excite inorganic PS, graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs), thereby generating ROS. In this study, a nanocomposite consisting UCNPs conjugated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) to improve binding with CNQDs is fabricated. According to the research results, NIR-triggered nanocomposites of 808 nm UCNP-PLL@CNs have been verified by significant improvement in ROS generation. Consequently, 808 nm UCNP-PLL@CNs exhibit high capability for ROS production and efficient PDT in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the mechanism of PDT treatment by 808 nm UCNP-PLL@CNs is evaluated using the cell apoptosis pathway.

Silver sulfide nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of human lymphoma cells via disruption of energy metabolism

“…[3][4][5] Owing to the critical role of photosensitizers in PDT treatment, there is much interest in exploiting superior photosensitizers to enhance the curative duration of PDT. 6,7 Although traditional organic photosensitizer molecules, such as rhodamine, porphyrin, and their derivatives, ensure effective execution of PDT, 8,9 some properties still need to be improved: for example, enhanced retention times or resistance to photobleaching. 10,11 In addition, complicated synthesis and functionalization steps can be barriers to their practical application.…”

Carbon‐Doped Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared from Metal Nitrates in Supercritical CO2‐Enabled Polymer Nanoreactors

“…To clarify the effect of the carbon doping on the ROS, the generation of 1 O 2 in ZnO‐C1 and pure ZnO NPs under visible light irradiation was monitored using 9,10‐anthracenediyl‐bis(methylene) dimalonic acid (ABDA) as a probe. ABDA reacts irreversibly with 1 O 2 to yield an endoperoxide (Figure S9, Supporting Information), causing the declining fluorescence signal at 407 nm under 380 nm excitation . To avoid the heating of the solution by the photothermal effect, the cuvette containing the NP samples and ABDA was placed in a water bath kept at room temperature.…”

Large‐Pore Mesoporous‐Silica‐Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Immunoadjuvants with Ultrahigh Photosensitizer and Antigen Loading Efficiency for Improved Cancer Photodynamic Immunotherapy

“…Especially recently, several groups have confirmed that PDT not only directly killed cancer cells, but also could promote antitumor immune responses by producing tumor‐associated antigens . However, considering the natural shortcomings of PDT, such as limited light penetration depth, the combination of lanthanide ion‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and organic PS for near‐infrared (NIR) light–mediated PDT within the “biological window” is promising . Upconversion materials could modify the NIR irradiation to visible light through a multiple‐photon process, which has been widely applied in imaging, drug delivery, and antitumor therapy due to their low autofluorescence background and high tissue penetration depth .…”