Minimization of power consumption during charging of superconducting accelerating cavities

Bhattacharyya, A.K.; Ziemann, Volker; Ruber, Roger; Goryashko, Vitaliy

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.07.056

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The power applied during the charging phase is modulated to improve the energy efficiency of the overall system. This was demonstrated at the module level and higher energy efficiency for SSPA with envelope tracking (ET SSPA) is foreseen, in comparison to other methods of powering superconductive cavities [16,17]. Actually, a conventional procedure for charging those cavities is using a step charging profile.…”

Section: Sspa Development At Freiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The conceptual design of the high-efficiency 400 kW solid-state power station at 352 MHz for the European spallation source

Mohadeskasaei,

Dancila

2024

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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This paper introduces an innovative conceptual design of a 400 kW solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) station and presents preliminary measurements for the key components. Recent advancements and benefits of solid-state technology have made the prospect of replacing vacuum tubes increasingly appealing. Historically, a significant challenge was the limited output power capacity of individual solid-state transistors, necessitating the integration of numerous units to generate high-power microwave signals in the range of hundreds of kilowatts. However, modern transistors capable of producing over 2 kW of output power have emerged, facilitating this transition. Another weak point was low power efficiency in high-power operating mode. The advanced rugged technology (ART) of solid-state devices enables the utilization of these transistors in nonlinear and switching operating classes, thereby enabling the creation of high-efficiency high-power amplifiers. In this conceptual design, 264 SSPA modules based on ART, each with a power output of 1.6 kW, are combined. The measurements revealed a single SSPA capable of delivering up to 2 kW output power with a power efficiency of 73% at frequency of 352 MHz. Due to the minimal losses during module combination and working SSPA in Class-C operation mode, the power efficiency of the station is expected to closely mirror that of a single module.

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Section: Sspa Development At Freiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The conceptual design of the high-efficiency 400 kW solid-state power station at 352 MHz for the European spallation source

Mohadeskasaei,

Dancila

2024

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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“…This paper showcases the practical implementation at the kilowatt level of the theoretical framework proposed in [3], while also enabling the potential extrapolation to the nominal power of 400 kW. The optimal charging power profile is implemented without compromising energy efficiency by dynamically modulating the drain voltage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the initial filling phase, the cavities act as mismatched load resulting in significant reflected RF power, see Fig. 1 where the theoretical computations illustrate the forward and reflected power profiles for both step charging and optimal charging schemes, as presented in [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An advanced solid-state RF power source maximizing energy efficiency for optimal superconducting RF cavity charging

Hoang Duc,

Dancila

2024

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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This paper outlines an experimental demonstration of an envelope tracking (ET) technique applied to a kilowatt-level single-ended solid-state power amplifier (SSPA), aimed at enhancing the charging efficiency of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities by reducing reflection power while maintaining a high degree of efficiency. The technique is particularly designed for the pulsed operation of the European Spallation Source (ESS) at a nominal frequency of 352 MHz, with a 5% duty cycle and a pulse width of 3.5 ms. The study introduces an optimal charging scheme using a solid-state-based amplifier to maintain high efficiency, allowing for power ramp-up while minimizing reflections from SRF cavities and optimizing SSPA efficiency. A fast envelope tracking power supply (ETPS) system is implemented for the approximately 300 ms charging time required by the SRF cavities at ESS. The ETPS system, demonstrated on a single module as a proof-of-concept with scalability potential to a 400 kW power station, indicates an overall average efficiency of 70% and a 24% energy saving over traditional vacuum-tube based amplifiers. This demonstrates the ET technique’s effectiveness at the kilowatt level for efficient SRF cavity charging with reduced reflection, offering significant efficiency and energy savings.

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“…Normally, PAs are designed to operate with a fixed output load. However, they can be forced to operate under varying load conditions due to various causes and in different scenarios, such as microwave cooking [1], plasma heating in, e.g., plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes [2], or in the charging of particle accelerators cavities [3]. In telecommunication applications, the PA output load can also change due to moving objects on the antenna proximity, e.g., the hand effect [4], or also Manuscript…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-Load Insensitive Doherty PA Using Supply Voltage and Input Excitation Adaptation

Goncalves¹,

Barradas

Nunes

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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This article presents a quasi-load insensitive (QLI) Doherty power amplifier (DPA). The proposed theory makes the amplifier load insensitive in terms of output power, while its efficiency is slightly degraded for complex loads. The load insensitiveness is achieved by dynamically changing the supply voltages (V DD ) and the input power splitting for both the carrier and peaking transistors. The optimal, load-dependent, V DD values are theoretically derived from back-off (BO) and full power conditions using load line theory. The optimal input excitation signals for the carrier and peaking devices are also derived for these variable V DD conditions. A 3.6-GHz QLI DPA was designed, and a complete system, composed of the DPA output stage, a two-channel medium power driver, an adaptive input driving stage, and a load sensing system, was implemented. The laboratory measurements have been performed for loads distributed inside a 2.0 maximum voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) circle and show an output power variation between 43.8 and 42.6 dBm and a BO efficiency between 50% and 35%. Under modulated signal excitation, for the worst case loads, the peak output power capability of the DPA is improved from 41.7 to 43.1 dBm, and the average efficiency is increased from 32.6% to 43%. Index Terms-Doherty power amplifier (DPA), load insensitivity, power amplifier (PA), supply voltage modulation. I. INTRODUCTIONP OWER amplifiers (PAs) are used for various applications, and their performance has a considerable impact on the overall system operation. Normally, PAs are designed to operate with a fixed output load. However, they can be forced to operate under varying load conditions due to various causes and in different scenarios, such as microwave cooking [1], plasma heating in, e.g., plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes [2], or in the charging of particle accelerators cavities [3]. In telecommunication applications, the PA output load can also change due to moving objects on the antenna proximity, e.g., the hand effect [4], or also Manuscript

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Minimization of power consumption during charging of superconducting accelerating cavities

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

The conceptual design of the high-efficiency 400 kW solid-state power station at 352 MHz for the European spallation source

The conceptual design of the high-efficiency 400 kW solid-state power station at 352 MHz for the European spallation source

An advanced solid-state RF power source maximizing energy efficiency for optimal superconducting RF cavity charging

Quasi-Load Insensitive Doherty PA Using Supply Voltage and Input Excitation Adaptation

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