Minimization of NDMA Formation during Chlorine Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater by Application of Pre-Formed Chloramines

Mitch, William A.; Oelker, Gregg L.; Hawley, Elisabeth L.; Deeb, Rula A.; Sedlak, David L.

doi:10.1089/ees.2005.22.882

Cited by 54 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Enhanced NDMA formation at pH 4 may therefore be attributed to the greater availability of DMA un this condition. Previous studies have focused on NDMA formation during chloramination (15,18,23,25,6). 2 Results from these studies have shown that ammonia (NH 3 ) or chloramines, such as NH 2 Cl and NHCl 2 , can enhance the yield of NDMA compared to chlorination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NDMA Formation during Chlorination and Chloramination of Aqueous Diuron Solutions

Chen

Young

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

122

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Formation of the potent carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chlorine disinfection of water containing secondary amines is now generally acknowledged. The phenylurea herbicide diuron is one of the most widely used herbicides in California, has been frequently detected in California's water sources with a transient nature of appearance, and has a structure that suggests it might be an NDMA precursor. This study sought to quantify the potential for NDMA formation from aqueous diuron solutions under varied chlorine and chloramine conditions. NDMA formation was consistently observed even in the absence of added ammonia, which has usually been the source of the nitroso-nitrogen during chloramination of other precursors. It appears that both nitrogen atoms in NDMA are donated by diuron during chlorination in the absence of added ammonia. For a given chlorine and diuron dose, NDMA formation increased in the order OCl -

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NDMA Formation during Chlorination and Chloramination of Aqueous Diuron Solutions

Chen

Young

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

122

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“…In consideration of a novel disinfection by-product, the formation mechanism [12][13][14], detection methods [15][16][17][18][19], and treatment methods for degradation of NDMA [20][21][22][23][24][25] were investigated widely. NDMA is a semivolatile organic chemical, soluble in water, and not likely to be biodegraded or adsorbed to particulate matter [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water

Chen

et al. 2009

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China

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In order to provide basic data for practical application, photodegradation experiment of Nnitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aqueous solution was carried out with a low-pressure Hg lamp. Effects of the initial concentration of NDMA, solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of humic acid on NDMA photodegradation were investigated. NDMA at various initial concentrations selected in this study was almost completely photodegraded by UV irradiation within 20 min, except that at 1.07 mmol/L, NDMA could be photodegraded almost completely in the acidic and neutral solutions, while the removal efficiency decreased remarkably in the alkaline solution. Dissolved oxygen enhanced the NDMA photodegradation, and the presence of humic acid inhibited the degradation of NDMA. Depending on the initial concentration of NDMA, NDMA photodegradation by UV obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Dimethylamine, nitrite, and nitrate were detected as the photodegradation products of NDMA. 1 O 2 was found to be the reactive oxygen species present in the NDMA photodegradation process by UV, based on the inhibiting experiments using tert-butanol and sodium azide.

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“…It has been demonstrated that adding ammonium chloride followed by chlorine into the wastewater forms less NDMA than adding chlorine followed by ammonium chloride [13,14]. This is because dichloramine, which forms more NDMA than monochloramine, is generated less when ammonium chloride is added earlier into the wastewater, reducing the transient occurrence of high chlorine/ammonia ratios.…”

Section: Ndma Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NDMA concentration can be minimised by reducing the formation of NDMA during the chloramination process. This can be achieved by dosing preformed chloramine [12] and reducing the contact time of chloramination [13,14]. However, reducing the NDMA formation may not be sufficient if a higher NDMA concentration than the regulatory level occurs in the inflow of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse – A critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies

Fujioka

Khan

Poussade

et al. 2012

Separation and Purification Technology

125

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Nghiem, L. D. (2012). N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse -A critical review based on observations from laboratory, pilot and full-scale studies. Separation and Purification Technology, a b s t r a c t N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and several other N-nitrosamines have been identified as probable human carcinogens. Here, we review key aspects related to the occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in the context of indirect potable water reuse. A comprehensive analysis of the existing data reveals significant variations in the rejection of NDMA by RO membranes reported in the literature, ranging from negligible up to 86%. This review article provides some insight into the reasons for such variations by examining the available data on the effects of operating conditions on NDMA rejection. Amongst several operating parameters investigated so far in the literature, feed temperature, membrane permeate flux, feed solution pH and ionic strength were found to have considerable impact on NDMA rejection by RO membranes. In particular, it has been recently shown that seasonal changes in feed temperature (e.g. from 20 to 30°C) can result in a significant decrease in NDMA rejection (from 49% to 25%). However, the combined effects of all operating parameters identified in the literature to date can only account for some of the variations in NDMA rejection that have been observed in full-scale RO plants. The impacts of membrane fouling and particularly chemical cleaning on the rejection of N-nitrosamines have not been fully investigated. Finally, this review article presents a roadmap for further research required to optimise the rejection of NDMA and other N-nitrosamines by RO membranes. Crown

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Minimization of NDMA Formation during Chlorine Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater by Application of Pre-Formed Chloramines

Cited by 54 publications

References 14 publications

NDMA Formation during Chlorination and Chloramination of Aqueous Diuron Solutions

NDMA Formation during Chlorination and Chloramination of Aqueous Diuron Solutions

Factors influencing the photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water

N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse – A critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies

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