Minimally invasive electrochemical continuous glucose monitoring sensors: Recent progress and perspective

Enzyme-free electrochemical sensor platforms based on transition metal nanostructures for clinical diagnostics

“…9,11,12 The elevated biomarker concentrations may not only indicate the presence of clinically important disorders but also indicate their severity. 11,13,14 Therefore, it is essential to design and develop lactic acid and glucose sensors, which are easy to use, quick in response time, inexpensive, highly selective, and sensitive.…”

Glucose Oxidase Patterned Meta‐Chemical Surface for Sensing Glucose Using Dip‐Pen Nanolithography

“…The dire need for a viable means to detect glucose in a variety of mixtures such as food and physiological fluids has driven numerous studies to develop an efficient, simple, and cheap glucose sensor. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] A variety of identification methods, e. g., chromatography, [14] colorimetric, [15] etc., are in use today to detect glucose, and the most common sensors and biosensors in these devices are based on electrochemistry detection. [1,3,4,[16][17][18][19][20][21] A key development goal of the field is to minimize the physical size of the sensor device without decreasing either its efficiency or its sensitivity.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] A variety of identification methods, e. g., chromatography, [14] colorimetric, [15] etc., are in use today to detect glucose, and the most common sensors and biosensors in these devices are based on electrochemistry detection. [1,3,4,[16][17][18][19][20][21] A key development goal of the field is to minimize the physical size of the sensor device without decreasing either its efficiency or its sensitivity. [22] To achieve this goal, which will also constitute a significant advance in nanotechnology, studies of this kind focus on developing nanosensors and bionanosensors based on a variety of active species.…”

Wearable Microneedle-Based Array Patches for Continuous Electrochemical Monitoring and Drug Delivery: Toward a Closed-Loop System for Methotrexate Treatment

“…To overcome these issues, microneedle (MN) array patches have been modified with conductive materials to be used as electrochemical sensors, 4−6 being the majority of the state-of-the-art for glucose monitoring. 7 Wearable MN-based electrochemical sensors have been produced under different configurations: (i) a conductive solid MN array to attain an electrode; 8,9 (ii) a hollow MN array (HMA) filled with conductive pastes to attain an electrochemical cell; 10,11 (iii) a HMA used for the extraction of ISF toward an electrochemical sensor at the back side of the HMA; 12 or (iv) a polymeric MN array with the capability to uptake ISF that contains an inserted miniaturized electrode/ sensor. 13 MN-based transdermal diagnostics is, therefore, an appealing technology to monitor analytes in ISF due to its minimal invasiveness and huge availability of the skin ISF in comparison to blood.…”

“…However, the insertion and length of the needle make the process cumbersome and painful, respectively. To overcome these issues, microneedle (MN) array patches have been modified with conductive materials to be used as electrochemical sensors, − being the majority of the state-of-the-art for glucose monitoring …”