2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418
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Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects

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Cited by 206 publications
(65 citation statements)
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“…At the same time, the concept of zero liquid discharge becomes an increasingly acute issue. This is dictated not only by environmental requirements—the problem of extracting valuable components from wastewater and processed products has attracted much attention [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. In this case, the issue of separation of mono- and divalent ions is becoming more and more important [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At the same time, the concept of zero liquid discharge becomes an increasingly acute issue. This is dictated not only by environmental requirements—the problem of extracting valuable components from wastewater and processed products has attracted much attention [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. In this case, the issue of separation of mono- and divalent ions is becoming more and more important [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The initial concentration of the feed aqueous solution was 65 g L −1 while the permeate was distilled water. This initial NaCl feed concentration was selected as it is an average concentration of RO brines of seawater desalination plants (50–82 g L −1 [ 5 ]). The membrane with an effective area of 1.26 × 10 −3 m 2 was placed between the double wall jacketed feed and permeate chambers.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This problem has been already studied [ 3 ] and different strategies have been adopted to reduce this energy consumption [ 4 ]. Another intrinsic problem of this technology that needs a prompt resolution is the discharge of brines (i.e., aqueous saline solutions with an overall concentration in the range 50–82 g L −1 ) [ 5 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a consequence, to sustain development within a circular economy, more clean water has to be tapped from the existing freshwater reserves to meet growing water demands. Circular economy is a resource recovery strategy which has been recently used in brine (saline wastewater) treatment as well (Panagopoulos and Haralambous 2020a , b ). There is hence an absolute need to capture untreated wastewaters as much as possible to then treat them using the best-in-class treatment systems for eventually meeting all sanitary norms, effluent discharge standards and regulations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%