Minimal increase in larval and adult performance of the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa when fed Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves of different nitrogen levels

Wheeler, Gregory S.

doi:10.1016/s1049-9644(02)00129-9

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As a storage form of N, allantoin is not an optimal N source for folivourous insects on soybean (Wilson and Stinner 1984), so it is possible that increased susceptibility of leaves to herbivory in elevated CO 2 reflected a preference of insects for these lower ureide levels. The nutritional requirements of insects differ depending on life stage, with actively growing larval forms often limited by nitrogen and reproducing adults limited by energy sources (Cloutier et al 2000;Jacob and Evans 2000;Kopper et al 2001;Wheeler 2003;Scheirs et al 2004). As reproductive adults, Japanese beetles and western corn rootworm may respond more strongly to the substantial increase in soluble carbohydrates evident in soybean leaves grown under elevated CO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Dermody

O’Neill

Zangerl

et al. 2008

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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By altering myriad aspects of leaf chemistry, increasing concentrations of CO 2 and O 3 in the atmosphere derived from human activities may fundamentally alter the relationships between insect herbivores and plants. Because exposure to elevated CO 2 can alter the nutritional value of leaves, some herbivores may increase consumption rates to compensate. The effects of O 3 on leaf nutritional quality are less clear; however, increased senescence may also reduce leaf quality for insect herbivores. Additionally, changes in secondary chemistry and the microclimate of leaves may render plants more susceptible to herbivory in elevated CO 2 and O 3 . Damage to soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves and the size and composition of the insect community in the plant canopy were examined in large intact plots exposed to elevated CO 2 (*550 lmol mol -1 ) and elevated O 3 (1.2*ambient) in a fully factorial design with a Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment system (SoyFACE). Leaf area removed by folivorous insects was estimated by digital photography and insect surveys were conducted during two consecutive growing seasons, 2003 and 2004. Elevated CO 2 alone and in combination with O 3 increased the number of insects and the amount of leaf area removed by insect herbivores across feeding guilds. Exposure to elevated CO 2 significantly increased the number of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) adults (foliage chewer) and soybean aphids (Aphis glycines; phloem feeder). No consistent effect of elevated O 3 on herbivory or insect population size was detected. Increased loss of leaf area to herbivores was associated with increased carbon-tonitrogen ratio and leaf surface temperature. Soybean aphids are invasive pests in North America and new to this ecosystem. Higher concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere may increase herbivory in the soybean agroecosystem, particularly by recently introduced insect herbivores.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Dermody

O’Neill

Zangerl

et al. 2008

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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“…In the absence of suitable phenological stages of its host, larvae are uncommon during summer months (April to September) unless damageinduced regrowth is present . Adult weevils can live in excess of one year and females produce &350 eggs during their lifetime (Wheeler, 2003).…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbivory alters resource allocation and compensation in the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia

Pratt

Rayamajhi

Van

et al. 2005

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. Plants may compensate for the effects of herbivory, especially under favourable growing conditions, limited competition, and minimal topdown regulation. These conditions characterise many disturbed wetlands dominated by introduced plants, implying that exotic, invasive weeds in these systems should exhibit strong compensatory responses.2. The Australian native Melaleuca quinquenervia is highly invasive in the Florida Everglades, U.S.A., where it experiences limited competition or herbivory from native species, making it a likely candidate for compensation. The introduced biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa feeds exclusively on the seasonal flushes of developing foliage at branch apices, which represents &15% of the total foliar biomass.3. The hypothesis that M. quinquenervia compensates for folivory by O. vitiosa was tested in a series of field-based experiments. Trees experiencing folivory over four consecutive years maintained similar levels of foliar biomass after attack yet possessed twice the number of leaf-bearing terminal stems as undamaged trees. The biomass of these stems was similar among attacked and unattacked trees, indicating that herbivore-damaged trees produce greater quantities of smaller terminal branches. However, undamaged trees were 36 times more likely to reproduce than herbivore-damaged trees.4. In a separate herbivore exclusion study, a single bout of herbivory on previously undamaged M. quinquenervia trees caused an 80% reduction in reproductive structures the following season. Herbivore-damaged trees also possessed 54% fewer fruits than undamaged trees. An increase in the herbivory frequency (two bouts per year) or magnitude (100% simulated herbivory) did not result in a further reduction in fitness.5. It has been concluded that M. quinquenervia partially compensates for herbivory by producing new stems and replacing foliage, but this compensation results in a substantial reduction in reproduction.

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“…All plants were transplanted into larger pots (11.4 l) and fertilized with 90 g/pot Osmocote Plus 15-9-12, N-P-K (Scotts-Sierra Horticultural Products, Marysville, OH) in a slow-release 'southern' formulation (Wheeler, 2003). Plants were grown in tanks that received rainwater and irrigation three times/week for approximately 6 months.…”

Section: Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The final fresh mass of each pupa (G0.1 mg) and the time (days) required to reach pupation was recorded. Leaf consumption was estimated gravimetrically (Wheeler, 2003). Insect frass was collected and dried (60 C for 48 h) to estimate the approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of digested food ).…”

Section: Larval Survival Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of a narrow host range by Oxyops vitiosa; a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia

Wheeler¹

2005

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

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Host range expansion in insect herbivores is often thought to be mediated by several factors, principal among them are secondary plant metabolites. In weed biological control, the host range of a prospective agent is one of the most important considerations in its implementation. Extensive host testing tests seek to determine the behavioral acceptance and nutritional value of different test plant species to the potential agent. A list of test plants is compiled that comprises species that are close taxonomic relatives of the target weed plus other species of economic or ecologic importance. The host testing of the Melaleuca quinquenervia biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa indicated that larvae would accept and complete development on the Australian target weed M. quinquenervia, two Australian ornamental species, Callistemon citrina, Callistemon viminalis (all Myrtaceae). However, the larvae did not complete development when fed a North American species Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae). The study reported here confirms these results and examines the nutritional and performance differences in O. vitiosa larvae fed leaves of these species. The leaf quality factors, percent moisture, percent nitrogen, toughness, and terpenoid content were related to larval survival, performance and digestive indices. The results indicate that plant quality among the Myrtaceae species was generally similar and correspondingly larval survival, performance and digestive indices differed little when larvae were fed leaves of these species. However, This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States.significant differences occurred in the plant quality of the North American M. cerifera compared with the Australian species which had leaves with the lowest percent moisture, lowest leaf toughness, highest percent nitrogen. This species, however, is not a physiological host as none of the neonates survived to pupate. When third instars were switched to M. cerifera from their normal host M. quinquenervia reductions were found in survival, biomass gain, digestive efficiency, and conversion of digested food to insect biomass. The marginal acceptance of this North American native plant in laboratory bioassays appears related to the terpenoid chemistry that has similarities to the taxonomically unrelated host M. quinquenervia. However, the high larval mortality corresponds to several novel terpenoids that are not present in the host. For weed biological control host testing these results indicate that M. cerifera is a poor host for O. vitiosa. Additionally, future test plant lists should include plants with secondary metabolites similar to the target weed as these compounds may constitute behavioral cues that are relevant to these specialized herbivores.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Minimal increase in larval and adult performance of the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa when fed Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves of different nitrogen levels

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

Herbivory alters resource allocation and compensation in the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia

Maintenance of a narrow host range by Oxyops vitiosa; a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia

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