Minimal effects of severe depression on cognitive functioning.

Friedman, Alfred S.

doi:10.1037/h0048608

Cited by 158 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Since there is no evidence that having ECT, per se, increases the number of admission (indeed ECT may space out epi sodes of mania) [37], it may be concluded that the patients in question do constitute a subtype of depression. Various authors [38][39][40][41][42][43] have reported a correlation between severity of depression or mania and cognitive impair ment. This was not confirmed by our study [26.27.44.45], Deluded subjects had more errors on the Benton test and were more often in a manic episode, indeed delusions on index admission predicted little improvement on the Benton scores at follow-up.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Function in the Affective Disorders: A Prospective Study

Bulbena

Berríos

1993

Psychopathology

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A prospective, controlled study of 50 subjects confirmed claims that major depression or mania may cause temporary disorders of attention, memory, visuo-spatial function, and choice reaction time, and cause – independently of medication – the appearance of glabellar tap, positive hand-face test, nuchocephalic reflex, and graphesthesia. On follow-up, all these phenomena either disappeared or markedly improved. Age and age of onset, but not pre-morbid intelligence or history of ECT, seemed to modulate the severity of the cognitive impairment. Presence of delusions predicted poor (but reversible) visuo-spatial function. Cognitive impairment accompanied by reversible soft neurological signs was more marked but patients thus affected surprisingly showed lower depressive scores; this was interpreted as representing a secondary, ‘organic’ form of affective disorder (i.e. a behavioural phenocopy of depression) characterised by a reduced capacity to experience depressive symptoms and by little improvement at follow-up.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Function in the Affective Disorders: A Prospective Study

Bulbena

Berríos

1993

Psychopathology

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“…Some authors stressed physiological mechanisms at the neuronal level (27) such as 'reactive inhibition' (20) or 'cortical central inhibitory state' (23) in connection with the reported slow acquisition of conditional reflexes by depressed patients (3,21). Other authors stressed more complex cognitive and motivational mechanisms such as lack of interest, inattention, anxiety and interference by depressive thoughts, both in depressed and in elderly people (12,16,24,25). Payne (24,25) suggested the possibility of two independent causes of cognitive and motor slowness in abnormal subjects which accounted for two factors of retardation found by Shapiro and Nelson (30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Speed in Test Performance in Relation to Depressive Illness and Age

Weckowicz

Nutter

Cruise

et al. 1972

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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Low speed, or retardation of motor, perceptual and cognitive functioning has been considered to be an important aspect of depressive illness, particularly in the form described as psychotic depression (10,11,22,24,26,29,30,32). However negative findings have also been reported. Thus, Hall and Stride (17) failed to find a difference in reaction times between depressive and normal controls. Friedman (12) found only a minimal effect of severe depression on cognitive functioning. Both Hall and Stride and also Friedman stressed the importance of matching the subjects for age and education, which had not been done in many previous studies. Age is a particularly important variable in relation to the speed of perception and more complex information processing (1,8,16,27). Friedman matched his depressed and nondepressed subjects carefully for age and education and administered to them a large battery of cognitive, perceptual and psychomotor tests. He found that although depressed patients subjectively assessed their performance as being very poor they were significantly impaired on only nine test scores out of eighty-two and only on three scores at the .01 level of significance. However he did not attempt to separate speed tests from power (level) tests. There is ample evidence that the power (level) factors of cognitive functioning are relatively independent of the speed factors (4,14,18,19,24,25,26). The perusal of Friedman's results suggests that most of the tests on which

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“…The patients experience of ego helplessness is more subjective than objective, more imaginary than real. 24 Subjects with depression were impaired in their ability to shift the focus of attention. They generally face difficulty to perform 'effortful' task as compared to 'automatic' task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Memory Status in Depression Patients of North Karnataka, India

Aslam¹,

A²,

Siddiq³

et al. 2013

jemds

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OBJECTIVES:Cognitive deficit especially involving memory is associated with depression. The objectives of this study were to assess the short-term memory status in patients of depression and to compare the same with age and sex matched literate controls of north Karnataka (India). METHODS: 15 depressive patients were randomly selected with 37.7 + 4.16 (Mean + SEM) and compared with age and sex matched normal literate controls individually for this study. Short-term memory status was assessed by using cognitive tasks, which included verbal tasks (non word repetition task, digit span test and word span test), and visual tasks (Benton visual retention test and object test). RESULTS: The depressive patients were found to be more affected in most of the verbal and visual task methods compared to normal controls. CONCLUSION: Poor performance of verbal and visual memory tasks by the patients with depression might be at the level of attentional set shifting/working memory, processing speed and execution of task.

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Minimal effects of severe depression on cognitive functioning.

Cited by 158 publications

References 2 publications

Cognitive Function in the Affective Disorders: A Prospective Study

Cognitive Function in the Affective Disorders: A Prospective Study

Speed in Test Performance in Relation to Depressive Illness and Age

Short-Term Memory Status in Depression Patients of North Karnataka, India

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