Minimal Block Knight’s Tour and Edge with LSB Pixel Replacement Based Encrypted Image Steganography

Shashikiran, B. S.; Shaila, K; Venugopal, K R

doi:10.1007/s42979-021-00542-7

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The key quality is assessed via NIST tests, with successful results. B. S. Shashikiran, et al (Shashikiran et al, 2021) When it comes to picture encryption, the focus is on using the short knight's tour technique and steganography to hide the secret image within another image. This strategy makes use of an open tour knight's moves on a 5x5 block, which is a minimum knight's tour.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified KLEIN Encryption-based Knight Tour for Image Encryption

Oraby,

Hamza

2023

JAETS

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The security considerations should be balanced with the specific use case and potential risks associated with using lightweight encryption. The security offered by lighter encryption algorithms could not be as high as that offered by heavier encryption techniques. In this paper, a Modified KLEIN Algorithm is proposed for image encryption based on the Knight Tour movement in Chessboard. The required key generation is represented by inputting an image as a key image and then applying a specific operation based on knight tour movement to produce a key scheduled in the proposed encryption algorithm. The movement of Knight Tour applied in modifying the proposed algorithm for increasing security. The experimental results explain the efficiency of a modified algorithm when comparing the histogram of the input image with the encrypted image also the correlation is tested before and after encryption in three directions horizontal, vertical, and diagonal which explains there are very low values of them in all directions. The similarity test also explains there are high differences between the plain and encrypted images. The chessboard movement might be useful when used with another encryption algorithm which increases the confidentiality of transferring data. The contribution of this work is the use of an image as a key for encryption with a specific planning method which helps in key management.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified KLEIN Encryption-based Knight Tour for Image Encryption

Oraby,

Hamza

2023

JAETS

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“…Different research has been carried out aimed at hiding information aimed at replacing information by means of secret digits, as in the research by Nagaraj et al [24] using the pixel value modification (PVM) by module function, Shashikiran et al [25] used a data encryption process to hide information in digital images, using knight movements with 5×5 blocks. A proposal for the combination of parity bit pixel value difference (PBPVD) and improved rightmost digit replacement (IRMDR) is in [26], the method divides the cover image into two non-overlapping blocks of pixels, the value of the difference between the pixels in each block is used to determine the selection of PBPVD and IRMDR for RS analysis evasion.…”

Section: 𝐼 = 𝑈𝑆𝑉 𝑡mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of steganography using watermarking and modifications pixels versus least significant bit

Caballero,

Muñoz,

Ramos-Corchado

2023

IJECE

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This article presents a steganography proposal based on embedding data expressed in base 10 by directly replacing the pixel values from images red, green blue (RGB) with a novel compression technique based on watermarks. The method considers a manipulation of the object to be embedded through a data compression triple process via LZ77 and base 64, watermark from low-quality images, embedded via discrete wavelet transformation-singular value decomposition (DWT-SVD), message embedded by watermark is recovered with data loss calculated, the watermark image and lost data is compressed again using LZ77 and base 64 to generate the final message. The final message is embedded in portable network graphic (PNG) images taken from the Microsoft common objects in context (COCO), ImageNet and uncompressed color image database (UCID) datasets, through a filtering process pixel of the images, where the selected pixels expressed in base 10, and the final message data is embedded by replacing units’ position of each pixel. In experimentation results an average of 40 dB in peak signal noise to ratio (PSNR) and 0.98 in the similarity structural index metric (SSIM) evaluation were obtained, and evasion steganalysis rates of up to 93% for stego-images, the data embedded average is 3.2 bpp.

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“…Then, it uses the LSB portion of each pixel for hiding a secret message. Also, a recent work [69] uses the knight's tour to hide the message in the image's blocks by modifying LSB. Pixel Value Ordering (PVO) [38] is another work that uses prediction error expansion in each non-overlapping block in the hiding process.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Matrix Pattern Steganography on RGB Images

Nilizadeh

Mazurczyk

et al. 2021

JCSANDM

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Almost all spatial domain image steganography methods rely on modifying the Least Significant Bits (LSB) of each pixel to minimize the visual distortions. However, these methods are susceptible to LSB blind attacks and quantitative steganalyses. This paper presents an adaptive spatial domain image steganography algorithm for hiding digital media based on matrix patterns, named “Adaptive Matrix Pattern” (AMP). The AMP method increases the security of the steganography scheme of largely hidden messages since it adaptively generates a unique codebook matrix pattern for each ASCII character in each image block. Therefore, each ASCII character gets a different codebook matrix pattern even in different regions of the same image. Moreover, it uses a preprocessing algorithm to identify the most suitable image blocks for hiding purposes. The resulting stego-images are robust against LSB blind attacks since the middle bits of green and blue channels generate matrix patterns and hiding secrets, respectively. Experimental results show that AMP is robust against quantitative steganalyses. Additionally, the quality of stego-images, based on the peak signal-to-noise ratio metric, remains high in both stego-RGB-image and in the stego-blue-channel. Finally, the AMP method provides a high hiding capacity, up to 1.33 bits per pixel.

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Minimal Block Knight’s Tour and Edge with LSB Pixel Replacement Based Encrypted Image Steganography

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

A Modified KLEIN Encryption-based Knight Tour for Image Encryption

A Modified KLEIN Encryption-based Knight Tour for Image Encryption

A comparative study of steganography using watermarking and modifications pixels versus least significant bit

Adaptive Matrix Pattern Steganography on RGB Images

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