Miniemulsion photopolymerization in a continuous tubular reactor: particle size controlviamembrane emulsification

Abstract

<p>Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles of adjustable size in the submicron-range 200–950 nm has been conducted <italic>via</italic> membrane emulsification combined with photoinduced miniemulsion polymerization in a continuous tubular flow reactor.</p>

Aqueous RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA): amphiphilic macroRAFT self-assembly vs. monomer droplet nucleation (miniemulsion polymerization)

“…16,[19][20][21] Low energy emulsification techniques have also been explored to overcome challenges with industrial scale up. Small monomer droplets can be formed with low energy by membrane emulsification, [22][23][24][25] using the phase inversion composition (PIC) method, [26][27][28] the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method, [29][30][31] and by generation of surfactant at the monomer droplet interface based on the in situ surfactant technique. 32,33 The particle nucleation mechanism in PISA is markedly different from that of miniemulsion polymerization, and considering how particles are formed via self-assembly of amphiphilic chains in PISA, one may not anticipate formation of high-order morphologies (worms/vesicles) based on monomer droplet nucleation.…”

Continuous generation of cross-linked polymer nanoparticles employing an ultrasonic microreactor

“…Droplet nucleation is favored in free radical polymerization as it can aid in controlling the final size of the latex particles synthesized with miniemulsion polymerization [4] , [13] . Recently, oil-soluble photoinitators have also garnered interest for miniemulsion polymerization for the synthesis of latex particles [14] , [15] , [16] . In addition, controlled radical polymerization (CRP) has also been employed for the synthesis of well controlled (co)polymers using miniemulsion polymerization [12] , [17] .…”

Simple Method to Generate Droplets Spontaneously by a Superhydrophobic Double-Layer Split Nozzle

“…Tiny and fixed volume droplets are important for basic scientific research and actual production, such as liquid transportation, − biochemical analysis, − and digital microfluidics. − Over the past decades, the common method to achieve monodisperse droplets is the emulsification method. − However, the emulsification method involves a lot of complex technical problems. , It requires an expensive etching process and sophisticated equipment to manufacture microchannels, and a two-phase solution environment also puts higher requirements on the structure. − The diameter of the microchannel is generally tens of micrometers, which not only reduces its mechanical properties but also causes it to be too fragile for practical applications. − In addition, it has been found that the spontaneous generation of monodisperse droplets cannot be achieved in a simple circular, straight-through microchannel. , This also increases the complexity of the structure. The droplet volume is also greatly affected by external conditions, which seriously restricts the stability of the volumes of the droplets produced. − Furthermore, the problems of droplet separation from another incompatible solution , and liquid retention during the process of transport will cause the waste of expensive reagents.…”

“…13−15 However, the emulsification method involves a lot of complex technical problems. 16,17 It requires an expensive etching process and sophisticated equipment to manufacture microchannels, and a two-phase solution environment also puts higher requirements on the structure. 18−21 The diameter of the microchannel is generally tens of micrometers, which not only reduces its mechanical properties but also causes it to be too fragile for practical applications.…”