Minicircle kDNA microheterogeneity in Endotrypanum indicate diversity within this genus

Franco, Antônia Maria Ramos; Machado, Gérzia M. C.; Moreira, C. F. S.; Grimaldi, Gabriel

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762000000200009

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Only two species, Endotrypanum schaudinni and E . monterogeii , have been described in this genus [ 131 ]. The parasites that have been obtained through the in vitro culture of infected blood from sloths and from Lutzomyia sandfly guts are promastigotes that are indistinguishable from Leishmania promastigotes.…”

Section: Leishmaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale.Methodology and Principal FindingsLeishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate?Conclusions and SignificanceWe propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites.

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Section: Leishmaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies

et al. 2016

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“…Could these differences be related to the large biochemical and molecular heterogeneity found in this genus (Franco et al 2000)? Our results have also shown that the clone of E. schaudinni infected more females than the primary sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single and concomitant experimental infectionsby Endotrypanum spp. and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Barbosa

Oliveira

Bertho

et al. 2006

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…As the degree of heterogeneity within minicircles varied among species or strains of Endotrypanum, the stocks could be clustered into distinct groups of parasites, according to the major sequence classes (minicircle fragments or digests) released by the restriction endonucleases tested (Franco et al 1996a). In parallel study using PFGE and appropriate gel running conditions, chromosomes were polymorphic in number (10-25) and size (290-2,200 kb) of bands among parasites of this genus.…”

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confidence: 96%

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

Franco¹,

Grimaldi²

1999

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Key words: Endotrypanum -Protozoa -Kinetoplastida -Trypanosomatidae -molecular taxonomy -enzyme activities -monoclonal antibodies -enzyme electrophoresis -DNA analyses -mammalian reservoirssandflies vectorsBiological characteristics of Endotrypanum spp. -Parasitic protozoa of the genus Endotrypanum are unique among the Kinetoplastida in that they infect erythrocytes of their mammalian host. Infection with Endotrypanum appears to be restricted to edentates, principally of forest-dwelling two-toed sloths of the genus Choloepus, but rarer infections with these flagellates seems to occur in three-toed sloths (genus Bradypus) (Fig. 1). As shown in Fig. 2, inside the erythocyte the Endotrypanum assumes an epimastigote or trypomastigote form, while in the sandfly or during in vitro culture the parasite assumes promastigote morphology (Shaw 1992). However, the complete life cycle of Endotrypanum spp. has not been reproduced in experimental studies. Other developmental stages of the parasite may occur within the mammalian host (Deane 1961).In nature, Endotrypanum parasites are probably transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Arias et al. (Rogers et al. 1988). Further evidence for the development of Endotrypanum in phlebotomines was obtained by feeding several laboratory-reared sandfly species on infected sloths (Shaw 1964, 1969, 1981, Christensen & Herrer 1977, 1979. In these studies, infections developing within the insect gut (Shaw 1964(Shaw , 1969 were similar to those found in wild caught sandflies (Johnson et al. 1963, Arias et al. 1985. Moreover, we have reported (Franco et al. 1997b) the developmental biology of Brazilian strains of Endotrypanum for three sandfly species. Development of Endotrypanum varied for each parasitehost species association. After feeding on culture forms of E. schaudinni, significantly more Lu. shannoni (100%, 9/9) became infected than did Lu. longipalpis (62.3%, 33/53) or Phlebotomus papatasi (27.3%, 15/55). The greatest number of infections were in the midgut and hindgut from 6 to 16 days after feeding, but flagellates also were present in the Malpighian tubules. Moreover, distinct development patterns in the sandfly gut were obtained when the Callejon Lu. longipalpis colony was fed on cultures of other Endotrypanum strains.

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Minicircle kDNA microheterogeneity in Endotrypanum indicate diversity within this genus

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies

A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies

Single and concomitant experimental infectionsby Endotrypanum spp. and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

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