“…Although commercial external supercapacitors are suitable for certain applications, some issues remain because of the long recharge time required for devices or sensors [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55]. Recently, Santoro et al shown that the integration of the MFC electrodes as an internal supercapacitor in a supercapacitive microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC) [56], [57], [58] is a new approach to increase the current pulses and it could be used to simplify the combined system MFC-MEC system for energy neutral H 2 production.…”