Miniaturized liquid chromatography applied to the analysis of residues and contaminants in food: A review

Abstract

Miniaturized liquid chromatography applied to the analysis of residues and contaminants in food: A review The humankind is pretty dependent on food to control several biological processes into the organism. As the world population increases, the demand for foodstuffs follows the same trend claiming for a high food production situation. For this reason, a substantial amount of chemicals is used in agriculture and livestock husbandries every year, enhancing the likelihood of contaminated foodstuffs being commercialized. This outlook becomes a public health concern; thus, the governmental regulatory agencies impose laws to control the residues and contaminants in food matrices. Currently, one of the most important analytical techniques to perform it is LC. Despite its already recognized effectiveness, it is often time consuming and requires significant volumes of reagents, which are transformed into toxic waste. In this context, miniaturized LC modes emerge as a greener and more effective analytical technique. They have remarkable advantages, including higher sensitivity, lower sample amount, solvent and stationary phase requirements, and more natural coupling to MS. In this review, most of the critical characteristics of them are discussed, focusing on the benchtop instruments and their related analytical columns. Additionally, a discussion regarding the last 10 years of publications reporting miniaturized LC application for the analysis of natural and industrial food samples is categorized. The main chemical classes as applied in the crops are highlighted, including pesticides, veterinary drugs, and mycotoxins.

An integrated digital polymerase chain reaction chip for multiplexed meat adulteration detection

“…Therefore, the quantitative results of digital PCR usually need to be expressed in combination with confidence intervals at the 95% confidence level, as shown in Equations ( 2) and (3). Equations ( 1)- (3) show that the precision and dynamic range of cdPCR is highly dependent on the number and volume of chambers. Quantitative accuracy and dynamic range are mutually constrained; the higher the accuracy requirement, the lower the dynamic range [26].…”

“…Currently, the conventional methods for detecting and identifying meat adulteration mostly fall into two main groups, namely, targeted and fingerprinting approaches [1,2]. For example, based on CE (capillary electrophoresis), IEF (isoelectric focusing), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometry), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), NIR (light and electron microscopy for histology and image analysis, near-infrared) spectroscopy, GC (gas chromatography), LC (liquid chromatography [3]), or MS (mass spectrometry) approaches, there is commercial equipment developed for meat authentication. PCR (polymerase chain reaction [4,5]) method is a well-established targeted technology, including gel electrophoresis PCR [6], real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR [7], and digital PCR [8,9].…”

Fitossanitários e doenças hepáticas: Um desafio à saúde pública no Brasil

“…Os agrotóxicos, também conhecidos como praguicidas, pesticidas, fitossanitários, dentre outros, são compostos químicos que controlam, destroem ou previnem, de forma direta ou indireta, patógenos presentes em animais e plantas de interesse humano (Almeida et al, 2017;Mendes et al, 2019;Mejía-Carmona et al, 2020). Esses compostos são classificados em quatro grandes famílias: os organofosforados, os carbamatos, os organoclorados e os piretróides (Almeida et al, 2017;Mendes et al, 2019).…”

Magnetic Fluorescent Quantum Dots Nanocomposites in Food Contaminants Analysis: Current Challenges and Opportunities

“…One of the primary goals of modern analytical techniques is to develop sensitive, accurate, reliable, and high-throughput food safety detection and quality assurance methods to identify, monitor, and quantify newly discovered food components and contaminants [3,4]. At present, multiple mature instrument analytical techniques have been employed to detect various food contaminants [5][6][7]. However, the requirements of sophisticated devices, complex pretreatment processes, and professional operators make them unsuitable for rapid 2 of 29 on-site screening of many samples.…”