Miniaturized High-Power Beam Steering Network Using Novel Nonplanar Waveguide Butler Matrix

Paul, Tuhin; Harinath, Mynam; Garg, S. K.; Aich, Suman; Kumar, A. S. Kiran; Trivedi, Jayesh; Kumar, Ashok; Patel, Mukesh; Rao, Ch. V. N.; Jyoti, Rajeev

doi:10.1109/lmwc.2021.3061691

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Nowadays, SIW technology is significantly used to realize BFNs for multi-beam antennas utilizing most of the advantages of hollow waveguides in a planar structure. Recently, T. Paul et al proposed a non-planar BM-based BFN for application in the X band frequency range that demonstrated an excellent performance characteristic [126]. However, the structure was bulky and complex to realize, further illustrating the need for a waveguide modeled in planar form.…”

Section: Substrate Integrated Waveguide(siw)-based Bmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

et al. 2022

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Beamforming networks for multiple beam antennas are believed to be in the vanguard of technological developments in mmWave for 5G wireless applications. The basic idea of beamforming technique is the application of multiple antenna elements radiating the same signal at an identical phase and wavelength, into one strong signal pointed to a specific direction. For low cost and power consumption, radio frequency beamforming networks (RF-BFNs) such as Blass matrices, Butler matrices, and Nolen matrices will play a critical role in achieving the ever-increasing demands in wireless technology. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive survey and developments of RF-BFNs with (particular focus in Butler matrices). From the fundamental perspectives of the beamforming techniques and progress over time, component evolution includes branch-line coupler (BLC), Phase shifter (PS), and Crossovers to complete system Butler matrix (BM) integration. Different design techniques to improve bandwidth, size reduction, multi-band, and other performance characteristics are discussed extensively. Furthermore, the paper also discusses different geometry of Butler matrices in open microstrip transmission lines, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and gap waveguide (GWG) technologies highlighting key developments and research challenges from single band to dual-band operations. We expect this paper to provide more profound insights into the designs processes and suggest suitable ways to facilitate further developments of RF-beamforming networks at mmWave and sub-mmWave frequency ranges.INDEX TERMS Beamforming networks (BFNs), Butler matrix (BM), fifth-generation (5G), metamaterial (MTM), millimetre-waves (mmWave), substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), gap waveguide (GWG), ridge gap waveguide (RGW), groove gap waveguide (GGW).

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Section: Substrate Integrated Waveguide(siw)-based Bmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

et al. 2022

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“…The study of the Butler matrix [7][8][9] involves many aspects, such as the perspective of the frequency band, 77 GHz [3], Ka-band [10], K-band [11], X-band [12], C-band [13], and S-band [13]. From the perspective of large-power design [14], a specific computer-aided method for a large-power Butler matrix design is given [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [12], a miniaturized large-power beamforming network using an 8 × 8 Butler matrix based on waveguides was successfully designed and tested for an X-band synthetic aperture (SAR) system. The insertion loss and isolation of the unit are better than 0.4 dB and 25 dB, respectively, over 600 MHz bandwidth at 9.6 GHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of C-Band Large-Power Planar Butler Matrix in SRS

Li,

Yan,

Liu

et al. 2024

Sensors

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In satellite remote sensing (SRS), there is a demand for large-power microwave components. A Butler matrix is essential to a transmitting antenna array in SRS. This article illustrates the electrical and mechanical design, simulation, and test results of a large-power planar beamforming network for SRS at C-band. It is a 4 × 4 Butler matrix based on square coaxial lines. Short-ended stubs are used in the Butler matrix to broaden its bandwidth by 10%, support inner conductors, and enhance heat transfer in vacuum environments. The simulation results are consistent with the measured results. The reflection coefficient is less than −18 dB, and the isolation is more than 23 dB from 3.8 GHz to 4.2 GHz. The insertion losses are less than 0.6 dB, and the phase errors are better than ±6°. The measured peak microwave power of the proposed Butler matrix is 9 kW. Its size is 440 × 400 × 40 mm3. The proposed Butler matrix beamforming network can be applied to SRS systems.

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“…Several different designs have been presented for beamforming feeding netw These designs are based on passive technologies and do not rely on active compon Examples of these designs include the Rotman lens [28,29], Luneburg lens [12,30,31], ler matrix [32,33], and pillbox reflector [34][35][36]. Pillbox reflector-based feeding design steer the beam across a wide bandwidth, but they require multiple feeding ports and vide limited beam coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide-Angle Beam Steering Closed-Form Pillbox Antenna Fed by Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Horn for On-the-Move Satellite Communications

Ikram,

Sultan,

Mobashsher

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Wide-angle mechanical beam steering for on-the-move satellite communications is presented in this paper based on a closed-form pillbox antenna system. It includes three main parts: a fixed-feed part, which is a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) horn with an extended aperture attached to a parabolic reflector; a novel quasi-optical system, which is a single coupling slot alongside and without spacing from the parabolic reflector; and a radiating disc, which is a leaky-wave metallic pattern. To make the antenna compact, pillbox-based feeding is implemented underneath the metallic patterns. The antenna is designed based on a substrate-guided grounded concept using leaky-wave metallic patterns operating at 20 GHz. Beam scanning is achieved using mechanical rotation of the leaky-wave metallic patterns. The proposed antenna has an overall size of 340 × 335 × 2 mm3, a gain of 23.2 dBi, wide beam scanning range of 120°, from −60° to +60° in the azimuthal plane, and a low side lobe level of −17.8 dB at a maximum scan angle of 60°. The proposed antenna terminal is suitable for next-generation ubiquitous connectivity for households and small businesses in remote areas, ships, unmanned aerial vehicles, and disaster management.

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Miniaturized High-Power Beam Steering Network Using Novel Nonplanar Waveguide Butler Matrix

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

Design and Implementation of C-Band Large-Power Planar Butler Matrix in SRS

Wide-Angle Beam Steering Closed-Form Pillbox Antenna Fed by Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Horn for On-the-Move Satellite Communications

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