Miniaturized Heat-Flux Sensor Based on a Glass-Insulated Bi–Sn Microwire

Konopko, L.; Nikolaeva, A.; Huber, T. E.; Kobylianskaya, A. K.

doi:10.1134/s1063782619050117

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…The gradient method determines the boiling surface temperature gradient by measuring the temperature difference between solid layers ∇T and obtains a linear temperature distribution under steady-state conditions, and the heat flux is calculated by Fourier's law q = −k∇T [110][111][112]. The principle of the thermoelectric effect method, on the other hand, is that materials with anisotropic thermal conductivity generate an electric field with a transverse component in the main axis of the material when heat passes through it due to the Seebeck effect, thus enabling the heat flux to be obtained by detecting the electrical signal, which allows for the ultra-fast response and is suitable for transient heat flux measurements [113]. With the continuous development of Machine Learning, the image [114,115] and acoustic signals [116] of boiling are detected in order to develop a boiling heat flux measurement system with the aid of the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [117] and Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLPNNs) [118].…”

Section: Boiling-heat-transfer Coefficient H and Heat Flux Qmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Pool-Boiling Processes Based on Bubble-Dynamics Parameters

Xiao,

Zhuang,

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Immersion cooling is widely used for thermal management of servers. The two-phase immersion cooling, which transfers heat by boiling, possesses efficient temperature control ability under intensive heat generation. In the process of temperature control through boiling, the generation and transportation of bubbles play a crucial role in calculating the heat-transfer capacity. Therefore, it holds immense significance to obtain a profound understanding of the mechanisms underlying bubble formation and detachment. Currently, numerous mechanistic explanations and empirical correlations have been proposed to elucidate the various parameters of bubbles during the boiling process. These findings were considered to be valuable references when selecting appropriate boiling media and designing efficient heating surfaces. To comprehensively present the progress of bubble formation and heat transfer in the boiling system, the forces exerted on the bubbles are highlighted in this article. A meticulous review of bubble-force analysis and correlation formulae pertaining to various relevant parameters (e.g., nucleation sites density, bubble growth rate, bubble growth period, and detachment frequency) was conducted. This review article was also expected to provide a novel foundation for further exploration of enhanced boiling heat transfer.

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