Miniaturized Chip Integrated Ecological Sensor for the Quantitation of Milnacipran Hydrochloride in the Presence of Its Impurities in Dosage Form and Human Plasma

Abstract

Modifications of sensor composition provides a way to achieve the utmost sensitivity and selectivity. Molecular imprinting, together with conducting polymers and graphite derivatives, represents a robust composite that attains better sensor performance. In addition, miniaturization of potentiometric sensors is advantageous to the sensitivity and greenness of the developed sensors due to their smaller portable size, lower sample volume, and lower waste. These advantages provide a fast track toward developing wearable versions of ion-selective sensors, which are valuable in point-of-care services in different clinical settings. Here, we report on the first recyclable on-chip miniaturized potentiometric sensors integrated by a printed Ag/AgCl quasi-reference electrode for the quantitation of milnacipran hydrochloride (MLN) in its dosage form and human plasma in the presence of its impurities. The sensing module of the sensor is modified by a molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (polyaniline), which is computationally optimized to achieve maximum selectivity towards MLN in the presence of its impurities. Moreover, the designated sensor composition is optimized by a self-validated ensemble modeling experimental design seeking the composition leading to optimal sensor performance. The proposed on-chip sensor successfully achieved a LOD value of (7.94 x 10-7 M) with a green analytical profile.

Ecological spectroscopic methodologies for quantifying co-administered drugs in human plasma by photochemical quantum mechanical simulation

“…This broadening contributes to the potential interferences with other spectra of the other compounds present in the same pharmaceutical mixture [ 24 ]. Peak broadening in UV spectrum of a compound due to HB with polar solvent molecules can be explained by the fact that HB stabilizes one excitation transition than another for example if a compound has a mixed excited state composed of both pi-pi* and n-pi* transitions occurring simultaneously, the HB affects the n-pi* transitions more by interacting with the non-bonding (HOMO) orbital so altering the molecular dipole moment [ 25 ]. The excitation of electrons to higher energy levels within a molecule leads to the creation of a charge separation and a dipole moment [ 26 ].…”

“…Green chemistry strategies have received interest in research [ 25 , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. The environmental friendliness profile of the analytical procedures was reported as a numerical number by the AGREE tool.…”