Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrix and Tunable Phase Shifter Using Ridged Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide

Der, Eric T.; Jones, Thomas R.; Daneshmand, Mojgan

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2020.2989798

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In most of these variants, the orthogonality is compromised, either in transmit or in receive, or in both operation modes simultaneously, resulting in losses [19]. Typically, 4 × 4 Butler matrices are the most common form, because of their relatively simple structure [44]- [47]. Fig.…”

Section: The Butler Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this typically leads to larger circuit boards, which may compromise the system integration. For this reason, several alternative transmission lines, derived from SIW technology, such as half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) [87], ridge substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW) [88], folded Ctype substrate integrated waveguide (FCSIW) [89], ridged half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (RHMSIW) [44], have been proposed to reduce the circuit dimensions while preserving planar transmission characteristics and compatibility with low-cost PCB processes. Among them, FCSIW has been widely used because it has the lowest loss figure while providing size miniaturization.…”

Section: ) Miniaturized Transmission Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various realization techniques and associated transmission line technologies have been reported for the fabrication of circuit type multiple BFNs. These include microstrips [16], [56], [60], [119], striplines [101], low-temperature cofired ceramic [120], ridged-waveguides [73], hollow waveguide [121], SIW [53], [115], [122], half-mode SIW [123], ridged half-mode SIW (RHMSIW) [44], coplanar waveguie (CPW) [85], to list a few examples.…”

Section: F Transmission Lines Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To support the ever-increasing demand on connectivity and datarates, multiple beam antennas are identified as a critical technology for the fifth generation (5G), the sixth generation (6G) and more generally beyond 5G (B5G) wireless communication links in both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). To reduce the cost and power consumption, there is a marked industrial interest in adopting analogue multiple beam antenna array technology. A key sub-system in many of such antenna arrays is the circuit type multiple beamforming network (BFN). This has led to a significantly renewed interest in and new technological developments of Butler matrices, Blass matrices, and Nolen matrices as well as hybrid structures, mostly at millimeter-wave frequencies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive analysis and comparison of circuit type multiple BFNs have been properly reported with focus on 5 G and 6 G applications to date. In this paper, the principle of operation, design, and implementation of different circuit type multiple BFNs are discussed and compared. The suitability of these sub-systems for 5 G and B5G antenna arrays is reviewed. Major technology and research challenges are highlighted. It is expected that this review paper will facilitate further innovation and developments in this important field.INDEX TERMS Fifth generation (5G), sixth generation (6G), beyond 5G (B5G), multiple beam antenna arrays, circuit type beamforming networks (BFNs), Blass matrix, Butler matrix, Nolen matrix, terrestrial network (TN), non-terrestrial network (NTN).This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. GUO ET AL.: CIRCUIT TYPE MULTIPLE BEAMFORMING NETWORKS FOR ANTENNA ARRAYS FIGURE 1. General Layout of a multibeam cellular antenna using 1D circuit type BFNs.

show abstract

Section: The Butler Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Miniaturized Transmission Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F Transmission Lines Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The design of Butler matrices with increased flexibility in terms of achievable output-port phase differences has also been investigated in the literature [ 19 , 23 , 25 , 36 ]. The considered methods involve redesign of conventional structures, either through modification of their building blocks (i.e., couplers or delay lines) [ 19 , 23 ] or introduction of additional sub-circuits affecting BM performance [ 25 , 36 ]. In [ 23 ], enhanced control over beamforming capabilities has been achieved by replacing conventional 90° hybrid couplers by structures with adjustable phase shifts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First of all, the development of portable electronics is associated with steadily increasing requirements concerning both miniaturization and performance. However, for BM structures, these problems are treated separately, which results in the development of either relatively small components with standard (or close-to standard) performance or bulky circuits with improved functionality [ 19 , 23 , 25 , 36 ]. Another problem involves lack of unified and well-established procedure—ranging from components synthesis to final tuning of the assembled circuit—dedicated to BM design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Design of Butler matrices dedicated to Internet of Things and 5th generation (5G) mobile systems—where small size and high performance are of primary concern—is a challenging task that often exceeds capabilities of conventional techniques. Lack of appropriate, unified design approaches is a serious bottleneck for the development of Butler structures for contemporary applications. In this work, a low-cost bottom-up procedure for rigorous and unattended design of miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler matrices is proposed. The presented approach exploits numerical algorithms (governed by a set of suitable objective functions) to control synthesis, implementation, optimization, and fine-tuning of the structure and its individual building blocks. The framework is demonstrated using two miniaturized matrices with nonstandard output-port phase differences. Numerical results indicate that the computational cost of the design process using the presented framework is over 80% lower compared to the conventional approach. The footprints of optimized matrices are only 696 and 767 mm2, respectively. Small size and operation frequency of around 2.6 GHz make the circuits of potential use for mobile devices dedicated to work within a sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. Both structures have been benchmarked against the state-of-the-art designs from the literature in terms of performance and size. Measurements of the fabricated Butler matrix prototype are also provided.

show abstract

Microstrip Lens Formulation and Analysis: A Parametric Study

Al-Obaidi

Abdullah

Dahlan

et al. 2021

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the recent wireless application, an electrically controllable beam is an essential standard to increase gain and decrease interference. While, achieving a steerable beam in the desired angles using a low-cost microwave structure with reliable performance is challenging. This article provides a study for modelling and design steps a beamforming network based on Rotman lens in the microstrip model. The explanation of the Rotman lens structure is introduced. Then the steps to derive the beam and receive contour of the lens are illustrated. Further, the derived equations formulated on the geometric optics are provided besides all the design variables explanations. A parametric study of the lens design variables is demonstrated. At the same time, the lens performance is examined in terms of the path length error of the beam ports to the radiated elements. A prototype lens including 5 × 4 ports is implemented. Keywords Microstrip Rotman lens • Beamforming • Steerable antenna 1 IntroductionMost modern radar and communication systems require the scanning of wide areas by several beams, preferably simultaneously, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) [1], fifth-generation platforms (5G) [2, 3], MIMO system [4], and ultrawideband (UWB) antenna [5]. Moreover, the development of a suitable radiation system and feeding networks can play an essential part in the development of communication systems of the new generation. In some instances, simultaneous beam scanning with array antennas can be accomplished. However, Typical technologies use phase shifters for antenna arrays [6-8], or array feeds for reflector systems with a switching matrix [9]. Furthermore, the phase-shift approach can be costly for these

show abstract

Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrix and Tunable Phase Shifter Using Ridged Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Microstrip Lens Formulation and Analysis: A Parametric Study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About