Miniature In Vivo Robotics and Novel Robotic Surgical Platforms

Evolution of autonomous and semi‐autonomous robotic surgical systems: a review of the literature

“…A first high-level classification was proposed Research in surgical robots has already produced new designs, breaking the telemanipulation paradigm. For example, mobile mini-robots for in vivo operation have already been described in the literature (124,125), as well as hyper-redundant (snake) robots (126,127), continuum…”

Miniature in vivo robot for laparoendoscopic single-site surgery

“…The introduction of minirobots over the last few years may have a tremendous impact on the future of minimally invasive surgery. In particular, miniature robots have enabled surgeons to overcome challenges of eye-hand dissociation, replaced a twodimensional field of view with a three-dimensional one, and improved dexterity by increasing the freedom of working instruments [20][21][22].…”

“…Our research has focused on the development of miniature in vivo robots [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. We have built a fully functional, multidexterous robot that provides greater flexibility, improved visualization and orientation, allows more efficient instrument usage, and has the potential to further reduce morbidity rate and cost.…”

Urological applications of single-site laparoscopic surgery

“…In addition new robotic systems, including master–slave systems, flexible robots, in vivo miniature robots, or a combination therein might bring LESS/NOTES to its full potential in the future. [4142]…”