Miniature gold nanorods for photoacoustic molecular imaging in the second near-infrared optical window

Chen, Yun Sheng; Zhao, Yang; Yoon, Soon Joon; Gambhir, Sanjiv S.; Emelianov, Stanislav

doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0392-3

Cited by 396 publications

(411 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In our study, the classic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-mediated synthesis approach was used for the preparation of gold nanorods 38,39 , and uniform ARs with an aspect ratio of 7.1 (length = 106.4 ± 14.1 nm, width = 15.2 ± 3.3 nm) were obtained (Fig. 1a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optogenetic Control of Programmable Genome Editing by Photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 Nanosystem in the Second Near-Infrared Window

Chen

Xin

et al. 2019

Preprint

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53We herein report the first optogenetically activatable CRISPR/Cas9 nanosystem for 54 programmable genome editing in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) optical window. The 55 nanosystem is composed of a cationic polymer-coated gold nanorod (APC) and Cas9 56 plasmid driven by a heat-inducible promoter. APC not only serves as a carrier for 57 intracellular plasmid delivery, but also can harvest external NIR-II photonic energy and 58 convert into local heat to induce the gene expression of Cas9 endonuclease. Due to high 59 transfection activity, APC shows strong ability to induce significant level of disruption in 60 different genome loci upon optogenetic activation. Moreover, the precise control of 61 genome editing activity can be simply programmed by finely tuning exposure time and 62 irradiation times in vitro and in vivo, and also enables editing at multiple time points, thus 63 proving the sensitivity and reversibility of such an editing modality. The NIR-II optical 64 feature of APC enables therapeutic genome editing at the deep tissue of the tumor-65 bearing mice, by which tumor growth could be effectively inhibited as a proof-of-concept 66 therapeutic example. Importantly, this modality of optogenetic genome editing can 67 significantly minimize the off-target effect of CRISPR/Cas9 in the most potential off-target 68 sites. The optogenetically activatable CRISPR/Cas9 nanosystem we have developed 69 offers a useful tool to expand the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9, and also defines 70 a programmable genome editing strategy towards unprecedented precision and 71 spatiotemporal specificity. 72 Introduction 73The RNA-guided clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-74 associated nuclease protein 9 (Cas9) is originally an adaptive immune defense system, 75 by which many bacteria exploit to protect themselves from invading genetic elements 1 . It 76 has been recently harnessed as an efficient tool for genome editing in both single cells 77 and the whole organism for a wide range of biomedical applications in biology, genetics, 78 and medicine, etc 2,3 . In principle, the CRISPR/Cas9 is composed a single-guide RNA 79 (sgRNA) for the identification of DNA targets and a Cas9 endonuclease that can bind 80 and process the recognized DNA targets 4 . CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing 81 technology offers a powerful and reliable strategy for the targeted modifications of the 82 genome, enabling the precise perturbation of virtually any genomic sequence in living 83 cells 2-6 . Due to its genome-wide specificity and multiplexing capability, Cas9 and its 84 variants have shown great potentials in the generation of loss-of-function animals 7,8 , the 85 correction of genetic disorders 9,10 , functional genome screening [11][12][13][14][15] , and the treatment of 86 infectious diseases 16,17 . Despite of these excitements, the lack of temporal and spatial 87 precision during editing process has severely constrained the current CRISPR/Cas9 88 systems from complicated and diverse genome-editing s...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optogenetic Control of Programmable Genome Editing by Photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 Nanosystem in the Second Near-Infrared Window

Chen

Xin

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Second, the basic mechanism related to photothermal conversion efficiency and PA quantum yield is less studied. Recently, it has been reported that the surface‐to‐volume ratio is one of the influencing factors for PA quantum yield . Third, the tissue penetration depth of the NIR‐II light is around centimeter level, far less than that of clinically available molecular imaging modalities, such as CT, MR, positron emission tomography (PET), and single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging that has limitless tissue penetration depth .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the molecular or NP design strategies to improve light absorption, the optimization of surface‐to‐volume ratio of NPs to increase PA quantum yield has been used to enhance PA brightness. Emelianov and co‐workers recently synthesized a small gold nanorod (AuNR, Figure a) with the dimension of 8 ± 2 (width) by 49 ± 8 nm (length) via a seedless approach . Compared with its counterpart with the dimension of 18 ± 4 (width) by 120 ± 17 nm (length), the small AuNR showed a threefold improved photostability and 3.5‐fold enhanced PA signal, although both of their optical densities (ODs) were the same at 1064 nm (Figure b–d).…”

Section: Nir‐ii Pa Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second Near‐Infrared Absorbing Agents for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy

2019

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Photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) provide useful tools for diagnosis and treatments of diseases. However, current applications of PA imaging and PTT are greatly limited by their relying on light source in the first near‐infrared (NIR) window (NIR‐I, 750–1000 nm), which shows shallow tissue penetration depth. Recently, this predicament is addressed by the use of second NIR (NIR‐II) light ranging from 1000 to 1700 nm due to reduced light–tissue interaction and increased allowable power density for light irradiation. Since a few endogenous biomolecules can absorb or emit NIR‐II light, it is necessary to develop contrast and therapeutic agents used for PA imaging and PTT in the NIR‐II window. This review summarizes the recent progresses of NIR‐II absorbing optical agents for PA imaging and PTT in living animal models. The prominent performance of NIR‐II PA imaging and NIR‐II PTT is first introduced with the use of optical agents, followed by discussion of the applications of NIR‐II PTT under the guidance of NIR‐I or NIR‐II PA imaging. At last, challenges and perspectives of NIR‐II absorbing optical agents for PA imaging and PTT are proposed.

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“…The nanomaterials exerted in biomedicine have been generally classified into organic and inorganic nanoparticles with the following attractive properties. First, they are readily to be applied in many kinds of imaging modalities with good biocompatibility and biodegradability . For example, we have demonstrated that Mdot, a kind of organic nanoparticle derived from melanin with high biocompatibility, can be versatilely used in multimodal PET, photoacoustic (PA), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically Nanostructured Hybrid Platform for Tumor Delineation and Image‐Guided Surgery via NIR‐II Fluorescence and PET Bimodal Imaging

Zhang

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2019

Small

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Bimodal imaging with fluorescence in the second near infrared window (NIR‐II) and positron emission tomography (PET) has important significance for tumor diagnosis and management because of complementary advantages. It remains challenging to develop NIR‐II/PET bimodal probes with high fluorescent brightness. Herein, bioinspired nanomaterials (melanin dot, mesoporous silica nanoparticle, and supported lipid bilayer), NIR‐II dye CH‐4T, and PET radionuclide 64Cu are integrated into a hybrid NIR‐II/PET bimodal nanoprobe. The resultant nanoprobe exhibits attractive properties such as highly uniform tunable size, effective payload encapsulation, high stability, dispersibility, and biocompatibility. Interestingly, the incorporation of CH‐4T into the nanoparticle leads to 4.27‐fold fluorescence enhancement, resulting in brighter NIR‐II imaging for phantoms in vitro and in situ. Benefiting from the fluorescence enhancement, NIR‐II imaging with the nanoprobe is carried out to precisely delineate and resect tumors. Additionally, the nanoprobe is successfully applied in tumor PET imaging, showing the accumulation of the nanoprobe in a tumor with a clear contrast from 2 to 24 h postinjection. Overall, this hierarchically nanostructured platform is able to dramatically enhance fluorescent brightness of NIR‐II dye, detect tumors with NIR‐II/PET imaging, and guide intraoperative resection. The NIR‐II/PET bimodal nanoprobe has high potential for sensitive preoperative tumor diagnosis and precise intraoperative image‐guided surgery.

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Miniature gold nanorods for photoacoustic molecular imaging in the second near-infrared optical window

Cited by 396 publications

References 34 publications

Optogenetic Control of Programmable Genome Editing by Photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 Nanosystem in the Second Near-Infrared Window

Optogenetic Control of Programmable Genome Editing by Photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 Nanosystem in the Second Near-Infrared Window

Second Near‐Infrared Absorbing Agents for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy

Hierarchically Nanostructured Hybrid Platform for Tumor Delineation and Image‐Guided Surgery via NIR‐II Fluorescence and PET Bimodal Imaging

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