Ming Buddhism

Protocatechuic Acid Ameliorated Palmitic-Acid-Induced Oxidative Damage in Endothelial Cells through Activating Endogenous Antioxidant Enzymes via an Adenosine-Monophosphate-Activated-Protein-Kinase-Dependent Pathway

“…The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to determine cell viability according to that previously described. 15 Briefly, HUVECs were plated in 96-well plates, incubated for 24 h, and then treated with different concentrations of PCA for 12 h. Following incubation, a 0.5 mg/mL solution of MTT was added to each well. After 4 h at 37 °C, 100 μL of formanzan solution was added and incubated for another 4 h. The absorbance was recorded at a wavelength of 570 nm, and the cell viability was expressed as a relative percentage to the nontreated control group.…”

“…Cells were lysed with ice-cold RIPA buffer containing 1 mM PMSF as a previous method. 15 After protein quantification, samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE) and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Germany). Membranes were blocked with 5% BSA and incubated with primary antibodies, p-AMPK and AMPK antibodies (CST, Shanghai, China), p-Nrf2, p-LKB1, LKB1, PGC-1α, and HO-1 antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.), and GAPDH antibody (Bioss, Beijing, China), followed by probing with secondary antibodies.…”

“…Our previous studies showed that both D-chiro-inosital and D-fagomine could upregulate the expression of p-AMPK via activating the upstream protein, p-LKB1, and then increase the activity of Nrf2 and PGC-1α, respectively. 14,15 Protocatechuic acid (PCA, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), a catechol-type o-diphenol phenolic acid, is widely distributed in fruit and vegetables, such as tea, grape, chicory, raspberry, cauliflower, and buckwheat, but with low concentrations. 16,17 However, as the main metabolite of anthocyanins, the concentration of PCA in vivo may be higher than the simple quantity ingested, and the daily intake probably reaches up to 180−250 mg/day, which is much higher than that of the other polyphenols (estimated at 20−30 mg/day).…”

ZnO and ZnO/polyglycine modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical investigation of dopamine

“…Here, a ZnO/redox mediator composite film coated GCE is used for the determination of DA in the presence of AA. 25 ITO glass modified ZnO nanorods act as the electrode for the electrochemical investigation of DA and is better than a glassy carbon electrode. 12 ZnO is used also in the detection of other organic molecules, e.g., thin toluidine blue (TBO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid films on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and indium tin oxide coated (SnO 2 ) glass electrodes for the determination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).…”