Mineralogy of the lower mantle: A review of ‘super-deep’ mineral inclusions in diamond

Kaminsky, Felix V.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.005

Cited by 246 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The composition of the system was chosen to provide diamond crystallization near the Carbon-Carbon oxide (CCO) buffer from a single carbon source rather than modelling some specific geological situation. However, sodium carbonates were found in fresh kimberlites [37,38] and even as inclusions in diamonds [38,39] and in olivine recovered from kimberlites [40].…”

Section: Samples and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Surface-Induced Carbon and Nitrogen Fractionation during Diamond Crystallization at High Temperatures and High Pressures

et al. 2017

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Isotopic and trace element variations within single diamond crystals are widely known from both natural stones and synthetic crystals. A number of processes can produce variations in carbon isotope composition and nitrogen abundance in the course of diamond crystallization. Here, we present evidence of carbon and nitrogen fractionation related to the growing surfaces of a diamond. We document that difference in the carbon isotope composition between cubic and octahedral growth sectors is solvent-dependent and varies from 0.7 in a carbonate system to 0.4 in a metal-carbon system. Ab initio calculations suggest up to 4 instantaneous 13 C depletion of cubic faces in comparison to octahedral faces when grown simultaneously. Cubic growth sectors always have lower nitrogen abundance in comparison to octahedral sectors within synthetic diamond crystals in both carbonate and metal-carbon systems. The stability of any particular growth faces of a diamond crystal depends upon the degree of carbon association in the solution. Octahedron is the dominant form in a high-associated solution while the cube is the dominant form in a low-associated solution. Fine-scale data from natural crystals potentially can provide information on the form of carbon, which was present in the growth media.

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Section: Samples and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Surface-Induced Carbon and Nitrogen Fractionation during Diamond Crystallization at High Temperatures and High Pressures

et al. 2017

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“…As with majorite-bearing samples, the number of possible lower mantle diamond occurrences has grown since the initial discoveries, and examples are now recognised in South Africa (Moore et al 1986), Guinea (Stachel et al 2000b(Stachel et al , 2002, Canada (Davies et al 2004;Tappert et al 2005), Australia (Tappert et al 2009a, b) and Brazil, both from Machado river ) and the Juina region (see below). However, in contrast to majorite-bearing diamonds, the number of definitively lower mantle diamonds remains small and most of the diamonds are associated with peridotitic material (Harte 2010;Kaminsky 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of sub-lithospheric diamonds from the Juina-5 kimberlite (Brazil): constraints from carbon isotopes and inclusion compositions

Thomson

Kohn²,

Bulanova

et al. 2014

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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interpreted as evidence of diamond growth from abiotic organic carbon added to the oceanic crust during hydrothermal alteration. The bulk isotopic composition of the oceanic crust, carbonates plus organics, is equal to the composition of mantle carbon (−5 ‰), and we suggest that recycling/mixing of subducted material will replenish this reservoir over geological time. Several exposed, syngenetic inclusions have bulk compositions consistent with former eclogitic magnesium silicate perovskite, calcium silicate perovskite and NAL or CF phases that have reequilibrated during their exhumation to the surface. There are multiple occurrences of majoritic garnet with pyroxene exsolution, coesite with and without kyanite exsolution, clinopyroxene, Fe or Fe-carbide and sulphide minerals alongside single occurrences of olivine and ferropericlase. As a group, the inclusions have eclogitic affinity and provide evidence for diamond formation at pressures extending to Earth's deep transition zone and possibly the lower mantle. It is observed that the major element composition of inclusions and isotopic compositions of host Juina-5 diamonds are not correlated. The diamond and inclusion compositions are intimately related to subducted material and record a polybaric growth history across a depth interval stretching from the lower mantle to the base of the lithosphere. It is suggested that the interaction of slabderived melts and mantle material combined with subsequent upward transport in channelised networks or a buoyant diapir explains the formation of Juina-5 diamonds. We conclude that these samples, despite originating at great mantle depths, do not provide direct information about the ambient mantle, instead, providing a snapshot of the Earth's deep carbon cycle. Keywords Diamonds · Sub-lithospheric mantle · Carbon cycle · SubductionAbstract Forty-one diamonds sourced from the Juina-5 kimberlite pipe in Southern Brazil, which contain optically identifiable inclusions, have been studied using an integrated approach. The diamonds contain <20 ppm nitrogen (N) that is fully aggregated as B centres. Internal structures in several diamonds revealed using cathodoluminescence (CL) are unlike those normally observed in lithospheric samples. The majority of the diamonds are composed of isotopically light carbon, and the collection has a unimodal distribution heavily skewed towards δ 13 C ~ −25 ‰. Individual diamonds can display large carbon isotope heterogeneity of up to ~15 ‰ and predominantly have isotopically lighter cores displaying blue CL, and heavier rims with green CL. The light carbon isotopic compositions are Communicated by O. Müntener. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article

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“…Diamonds from Juina, Brazil, are well-known examples of superdeep diamond crystals formed under sublithospheric conditions at depths greater than 400 km [7]. Such superdeep diamonds are very rare and their investigations provide paramount information about the physical and chemical conditions in the Earth's regions as deep as the mantle transition zone and the lower mantle [8,9]. Using X-ray diffraction topography and FTIR micro-spectroscopy, the authors show that the studied crystals demonstrate features, which are commonly associated with deformation processes by solid-state diffusion creep under high pressure and high temperature.…”

Section: Some Facets Of Natural Diamond Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Many Facets of Diamond Crystals

Palyanov

2018

Crystals

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This special issue is intended to serve as a multidisciplinary forum covering broad aspects of the science, technology, and application of synthetic and natural diamonds. This special issue contains 12 papers, which highlight recent investigations and developments in diamond research related to the diverse problems of natural diamond genesis, diamond synthesis and growth using CVD and HPHT techniques, and the use of diamond in both traditional applications, such as mechanical machining of materials, and the new recently emerged areas, such as quantum technologies. The results presented in the contributions collected in this special issue clearly demonstrate that diamond occupies a very special place in modern science and technology. After decades of research, this structurally very simple material still poses many intriguing scientific questions and technological challenges. It seems undoubted that diamond will remain the center of attraction for many researchers for many years to come.

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Mineralogy of the lower mantle: A review of ‘super-deep’ mineral inclusions in diamond

Cited by 246 publications

References 92 publications

Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Surface-Induced Carbon and Nitrogen Fractionation during Diamond Crystallization at High Temperatures and High Pressures

Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Surface-Induced Carbon and Nitrogen Fractionation during Diamond Crystallization at High Temperatures and High Pressures

Origin of sub-lithospheric diamonds from the Juina-5 kimberlite (Brazil): constraints from carbon isotopes and inclusion compositions

The Many Facets of Diamond Crystals

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