Mineralogy, Mineral Compositions and Fluid Evolution at the Wenzel Hydrothermal Deposit, Southern Germany: Implications for the Formation of Kongsberg-Type Silver Deposits

Staude, Sebastian; Wagner, Thomas; Markl, Gregor

doi:10.2113/gscanmin.45.5.1147

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Although gangue minerals appear after the native metal ore stage, we still found methane in some fluid inclusions in calcite paragenetically associated with arsenides at the Odenwald/Germany localities we investigated by Raman spectroscopy (Burisch, unpublished results), while the majority of analyzed fluid inclusions there and at other localities is methane-free and records the ordinary hydrothermal system after re-attainment of equilibrium (Staude et al 2007(Staude et al , 2012Kerrich et al 1986;Marshall et al 1993;Wilde et al 2001). Alternatively, the introduced methane could also have been entirely oxidized to HCO 3 − before fluid trapping.…”

Section: Carbon Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Evidence And The Origin Omentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Our line of arguments is based on textures observed during the macroscopic and microscopic inspection of hundreds of specimens from European five-element deposits, such as Wittichen and Wenzel (Staude et al 2007(Staude et al , 2012, Mackenheim and Nieder-Beerbach (Fettel 1978;Ramdohr 1975), Schneeberg (Keil 1933;Lipp 2003) and Bieber (Wagner and Lorenz 2002) in Germany, Turtmanntal in Switzerland (Meisser 2003), and a large literature compilation on worldwide deposits (see Kissin 1992, and references therein;Ahmed et al 2009;Bastin 1950;Clavel 1963;Gammon 1966;Keil 1933;Lietz 1939;Marshall 2008;Ondrus et al 2003;Petruk 1968;Wilkerson et al 1988) ( Table 1). The following typical features are recognized:…”

Section: The Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural fracking and the genesis of five-element veins

2016

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Hydrothermal Ag-Co-Ni-Bi-As (five-element vein type) ore deposits show very conspicuous textures of the native elements silver, bismuth, and arsenic indicating formation from a rapid, far-from-equilibrium process. Such textures include up to dm-large tree-and wirelike aggregates overgrown by Co-Ni-Fe arsenides and mostly carbonates. Despite the historical and contemporary importance of five-element vein type deposits as sources of silver, bismuth, and cobalt, and despite of spectacular museum specimens, their process of formation is not yet understood and has been a matter of debate since centuries. We propose, based on observations from a number of classical European five-element vein deposits and carbon isotope analyses, that Bnatural fracking,^i.e., liberation of hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon-bearing fluids during break up of rocks in the vicinity of an active hydrothermal system and mixing between these hydrocarbons (e.g., methane and/or methane-bearing fluids) and a metal-rich hydrothermal fluid is responsible for ore precipitation and the formation of the unusual ore textures and assemblages. Thermodynamic and isotope mixing calculations show that the textural, chemical, and isotopic features of the investigated deposits can entirely be explained by this mechanism.

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Section: Carbon Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Evidence And The Origin Omentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: The Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural fracking and the genesis of five-element veins

2016

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“…Insignificant at low ionic strength, inadequacies in these models can potentially be greatly magnified at high ionic strength and cause significant deviation of the formation constants recommended by Pan and Susak (1989) for CoCl 2À 4 from the true values. Theoretical extrapolations of Co(II) formation constants based on the study of Pan and Susak (Hannington et al, 1991;Wood, 1997;Staude et al, 2007;Wood and Williams-Jones, 2007) therefore inherit this inferred uncertainty. Similarly, the most recent study of the speciation of Co(II) in chloride solutions of Liu et al (2011) also utilized concentrated chloride solutions to derive formation constants for Co species with high ligation number.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental study of Cobalt (II) complexation in Cl− and H2S-bearing hydrothermal solutions

Migdisov

Zezin

Williams‐Jones

2011

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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“…The mineralizations on the southern edge of the Thuringian Basin bear a number of similar features to numerous deposits and occurrences throughout post-Variscan Europe, such as deposits in France (Charef & Sheppard 1988;Munoz et al 1994Munoz et al , 2005McGaig et al 2000), Spain (Halliday and Mitchell 1984;Wickham & Taylor 1990;Canals and Cardellach 1993;Galindo et al 1994;Subías and Fernández-Nieto 1995;Johnson et al 1996;Crespo et al 2002;Piqué et al 2008), Sardinia (Muchez et al 2005;Boni et al 2009), Germany (Behr & Gerler 1987;Mertz et al 1989;Boness et al 1990;Lüders & Möller 1992;Meinel 1993;Hähnel et al 1995;Krahn & Baumann 1996;Meyer et al 2000;Zeh & Thomson 2000;Wagner & Lorenz 2002;Schwinn et al 2006;Baatartsogt et al 2007;Staude et al 2007Staude et al , 2011Wagner et al 2010), Poland (Leach et al 1996;Heijlen et al 2003;Schmidt-Mumm & Wolfgramm 2004), Slovakia (Hurai et al 2002(Hurai et al , 2008, Belgium (Slobodnik et al 1994), Hungary (Benkó et al 2014), Czech Republic (Kučera et al 2010), England …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Fluid evolution and mineralogy of Mn-Fe-barite-fluorite mineralizations at the contact of the Thuringian Basin, Thüringer Wald and Thüringer Schiefergebirge in Germany

Majzlan¹,

Brey-Funke²,

Malz³

et al. 2016

Geologica Carpathica

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Numerous small deposits and occurrences of Mn-Fe-fluorite-barite mineralization have developed at the contact of the Thuringian Basin, Thüringer Wald and Thüringer Schiefergebirge in central Germany. The studied mineralizations comprise the assemblages siderite+ankerite-calcite-fluorite-barite and hematite-Mn oxides-calcite-barite, with the precipitation sequence in that order within each assemblage. A structural geological analysis places the origin of the barite veins between the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Primary fluid inclusions contain water vapour and an aqueous phase with NaCl and CaCl 2 as the main solutes, with salinities mostly between 24-27 mass. % CaCl 2 eq. T h measurements range between 85 °C and 160 °C in barite, between 139 °C and 163 °C in siderite, and between 80 °C and 130 °C in fluorite and calcite. Stable isotopes (S, O) point to the evaporitic source of sulphur in the observed mineralizations. The S,C,O isotopic compositions suggest that barite and calcite could not have precipitated from the same fluid. The isotopic composition of the fluid that precipitated barite is close to the sea water in the entire PermoMesozoic time span whereas calcite is isotopically distinctly heavier, as if the fluids were affected by evaporation. The fluid evolution in the siliciclastic/volcanic Rotliegend sediments (as determined by a number of earlier petrological and geochemical studies) can be correlated with the deposition sequence of the ore minerals. In particular, the bleaching of the sediments by reduced Rotliegend fluids (basinal brines) could be the event that mobilized Fe and Mn. These elements were deposited as siderite+ankerite within the Zechstein carbonate rocks and as hematite+Mn oxides within the oxidizing environment of the Permian volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks. A Middle-Jurassic illitization event delivered Ca, Na, Ba, and Pb from the feldspars into the basinal brines. Of these elements, Ba was deposited as massive barite veins.

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Mineralogy, Mineral Compositions and Fluid Evolution at the Wenzel Hydrothermal Deposit, Southern Germany: Implications for the Formation of Kongsberg-Type Silver Deposits

Cited by 53 publications

References 46 publications

Natural fracking and the genesis of five-element veins

Natural fracking and the genesis of five-element veins

An experimental study of Cobalt (II) complexation in Cl− and H2S-bearing hydrothermal solutions

Fluid evolution and mineralogy of Mn-Fe-barite-fluorite mineralizations at the contact of the Thuringian Basin, Thüringer Wald and Thüringer Schiefergebirge in Germany

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