Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of the Chahgaz (XIVA Anomaly) Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit, Bafq district, Central Iran

Ziapour, Samaneh; Esmaeily, Dariush; Khoshnoodi, Khalegh; Niroomand, Shojaeddin; Simon, Adam C.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103924

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In the first stage associated with the continental arc, felsic calc-alkaline magmatism, that leads to the formation of the iron oxide-apatite mineralisation and related sodic-calcic alteration (albite, actinolite, diopside/ augite) (Stosch et al 2011; Heidarian et al 2017; Khoshnoodi et al 2017). In the later stage, late magmatic derived fluids (Deymar et al 2018; Mirzababaei et al 2021; Ziapour et al 2021; Khoshnoodi et al 2022) enriched in Th/U and rare-earth elements (especially LREE) affected mainly the sodic-calcic alteration surrounding the iron oxide-apatite ore bodies and sometimes the iron oxide-apatite ore bodies, that lead to the formation of the Th/U-REE and U-Th-REE mineralisation in the Bafq IOA deposits. Generally, the host rocks are extensively brecciated simultaneous with Th-REE and Th mineralisation (Bonyadi et al 2011; Khoshnoodi et al 2017; Mirzababaei et al 2021) and this type of mineralisation occurs in hydrothermal brecciated zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogy of various types of Th-U-REE mineralisation in the iron oxide – apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran

Khoshnoodi

Ziapour

Yazdi

et al. 2022

Applied Earth Science

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The Bafq district, well-known in the world, is the most important iron province in Central Iran. The Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence in this district, hosts a lot of mineral deposits such as Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA), Fe-Mn exhalative and Pb-Zn SEDEX types. Th-U-REE mineralisation in the Bafq IOA deposits occurs in a variety of element associations, (i) REE-P mineralisation as apatite hosting REE-mineral inclusions, (ii) Th-REE mineralisation as Th-REE minerals (e.g. REE-bearing thorite and titanite), (iii) thorium mineralisation as thorium minerals (e.g. thorite and huttonite), (iv) U-REE mineralisation as U-REE minerals (e.g. uraninite and cleveite) and (v) REE-U-Th mineralisation as REE-U-Th minerals (e.g. davidite and allanite). Two main types of apatite are recognised: apatite with inclusions (dominantly monazite, xenotime and allanite) and inclusion poor/free apatite. The presence of calcite paragenesis with Th-REE, Th and U-Th-REE mineralisation indicates transportation of Th and REEs by carbonate complexes in post-magmatic alkaline fluids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evolution of the Bafq district is related to Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust subduction beneath the Central Iranian plate followed by emplacement of granitoids and rhyolites in the continental arc and injection of diabase dykes into the back-arc basin (Rajabi et al 2015; Khoshnoodi et al 2017; Ziapour et al 2021).…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogy of various types of Th-U-REE mineralisation in the iron oxide – apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran

Khoshnoodi

Ziapour

Yazdi

et al. 2022

Applied Earth Science

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“…This includes the El Laco deposit as well as other deposits worldwide, e.g. , Durango, Mexico, where the occurrence of vesicular magnetite ores has been reported. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid-Assisted Aggregation and Assembly of Magnetite Microparticles in the Giant El Laco Iron Oxide Deposit, Central Andes

Ovalle

Reich

Barra

et al. 2023

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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The El Laco iron oxide mineral deposit in the Central Andes of Chile has attracted significant attention because of its uniquely preserved massive magnetite orebodies, which bear a remarkable similarity to volcanic products. To date, the outcropping highly vesicular and porous massive magnetite orebodies have received little attention from a microtextural point of view, limiting our understanding about the role of volcanogenic processes on iron mineralization. Here, we report the chemical composition of vesicular magnetite at El Laco using EPMA and LA-ICP-MS methods and provide detailed 2D and 3D imaging of the internal structure of these texturally complex magnetite ores by combining SEM observations, synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence chemical mapping, and high-resolution X-ray computed microtomography. Our observations reveal the presence of abundant magnetite microspheres with diameters ranging from ∼100 to ∼900 μm, as well as dendritic microstructures forming interconnected networks up to a few millimeters in size. Two-dimensional microtextural and geochemical imaging of the microspheres show that these features are formed by multiple euhedral magnetite crystals growing in all directions and occur immersed within a porous matrix conformed by smaller-sized (∼2–20 μm) and irregularly shaped magnetite microparticles. These types of morphologies have been reported in hydrothermal vents associated with hydrovolcanic processes and commonly described in hydrothermal synthesis experiments of magnetite microspheres, suggesting precipitation from iron-rich fluids. A hydrothermal origin for the magnetite microparticles reported here is further supported by their geochemical signature, which shows a strong depletion in most minor and trace elements typical from magnetite precipitated from hydrothermal fluids in ore-forming environments. We propose that decompression, cooling, and boiling of fluids triggered massive iron supersaturation, resulting in the nucleation of magnetite microparticles or colloids, followed by self-assembly into larger and more complex microstructures. Our data from El Laco deposit agree with models invoking magmatic-hydrothermal fluids to explain the origin of the deposit and provide new insights on the potential role of iron colloids as agents of mineralization in volcanic systems.

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Innovative imaging of iron deposits using cross‐gradient joint inversion of potential field data with petrophysical correlation

Sadraeifar,

Abedi

2024

Near Surface Geophysics

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This study demonstrates the application of the cross‐gradient joint inversion method to investigate iron mineralization zones within a volcano‐sedimentary environment. The presence of minerals with intense contrasts in density or magnetic susceptibility, such as hematite or magnetite, facilitates modelling the distribution of ore bodies with depth. Our approach involves establishing a unified interpretation of reconstructed density and susceptibility models through both independent and joint inversion with sparsity regularization in conjunction with a petrophysical model resulting from core data. This approach provides an ideal strategy to uncover the realistic geologic setting of iron ore deposits. We initially simulated a synthetic model closely resembling real‐case scenarios to assess the efficacy of the cross‐gradient joint inversion algorithm in comparison to independent inversion. Subsequently, the inversion algorithms were implemented on gravity and magnetic data, collected over an area of 500 × 600 m2 in Shavaz iron‐bearing deposits located in the central Iranian block. The primary iron oxide–apatite type mineralization in the study area is associated with the Nain–Dehshir–Baft fault as a NW–SE trending strike‐slip fault. Although both inversion methods yield satisfactory models, incorporating the cross‐gradient constraint in joint inversion resulted in a more constrained delineation of iron–oxide ore deposits in the fault system. This improvement facilitates the differentiation between hematite and a small percentage of magnetite, providing a more accurate estimation of ore depth. Inversion results suggest that the magnetite mineralization is coated with extensive hematite mineralization and both are positioned relatively within the same depth interval, covered by approximately a 15–25 m sequence of sediments.

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Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of the Chahgaz (XIVA Anomaly) Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit, Bafq district, Central Iran

Cited by 9 publications

References 68 publications

Mineralogy of various types of Th-U-REE mineralisation in the iron oxide – apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran

Mineralogy of various types of Th-U-REE mineralisation in the iron oxide – apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran

Fluid-Assisted Aggregation and Assembly of Magnetite Microparticles in the Giant El Laco Iron Oxide Deposit, Central Andes

Innovative imaging of iron deposits using cross‐gradient joint inversion of potential field data with petrophysical correlation

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