Mineralogical and thermo-chemical characteristics of the Hellenistic ceramics and raw clay from Qizlar Qal'eh (northeastern Iran)

Daghmehchi, Maria; Omrani, Hadi; Emami, Mohammadamin; Nokandeh, Jebrael

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2016.08.030

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The microstructural characterization of the coarse‐ and fine‐grained pastes based on the degree of firing (SEM Figures 3) indicates that these potteries are consistent with a calcium rich clayey paste containing quartz inclusions as local additives. This is further supported by the presence of similarly vitrified structures and the appearance of pores and plane surfaces within the texture (Daghmehchi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Studying and characterizing the heating gradient from the exterior to the interior of potteries has been a useful approach for estimating the requisite temperature for the production of potteries for particular functions. The phase generating process within ancient pottery matrices is known to be in the temperature range between 650°C to 980°C (Daghmehchi et al, 2016; Emami & Trettin, 2010; Gál et al, 2018; Rathossi & Pontikes, 2010a). However, with open air cooking of earlier traditions, the temperature would not have exceeded 350°C (Drebushchak et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cathodoluminescence microscopy for interpreting the fabric and heating process of ancient pottery: Preliminary study on the technological features of pottery from the Kur River basin

2021

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Heterogeneous sherds were collected from 10 archaeological sites located in the Kur River Basin (KRB) in southern Iran. They have been analysed through routinely standard microscopic approach, including momentous cathodoluminescence microscopy in order to characterize the pottery fabrication and diversities in raw material and firing behaviour between different pottery production from the eighth to third millennium BCE. Cathodoluminescence interpretations identify the diverse properties of the sherds from the KRB material. Conversely, their microfabrics are essentially conceded to a not tightly packed fabrication. Characterizing the raw material, additives and initial vitrification texture were identified through petrography and SEM. The effect of heating in such heterogenous body was essentially characterized by cathodoluminescence microscopy. Combining these methods demonstrates the advantages of multimicroscopical methods for studying insights among diverse raw materials and heat gradient from the surface into the core of ancient pottery, which led to display selective experimental pottery production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathodoluminescence microscopy for interpreting the fabric and heating process of ancient pottery: Preliminary study on the technological features of pottery from the Kur River basin

2021

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“…Ostracods in ceramics can also be used for firing temperature reconstruction based on physical alteration. This was shown in ceramics from the Sasanian archaeological site Qizlar Qal'eh, Iran, where Early Cretaceous and Quaternary ostracods and other microfossils suggested that the material was derived from alluvial sediments taken from an adjacent site north‐west of the Gorgan River plain, and the altered internal ultra‐structures of the shells indicated firing temperatures of 650–850°C (Daghmehchi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nonmarine Ostracoda as proxies in (geo‐)archaeology — A review

2022

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Ostracods as bioindicators are extremely useful for reconstructing palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate and can also indicate the provenance of sediments and materials, for example, in studies on ancient commercial networks. Ostracods are small crustaceans that live in almost all aquatic habitats, both natural and man‐made. Due to their calcitic carapace, they have high fossilization potential, and their use in geoarchaeology has been steadily increasing during the last decades. Their small size needs mean that only small volumes of sediment samples are needed, and species‐specific ecological tolerances and preferences allow detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Typical methods of their application are palaeoecological analyses of associations based on ecological information and taphonomy, morphometric variability and stable isotope and chemistry analyses of their shells. The present paper aims to present an overview of applications of non‐marine ostracods in (geo‐)archaeological research, recommending sampling and analytical techniques for addressing archaeological research questions on palaeoclimate, habitat and landscape changes, water availability and quality, land use and other anthropogenic impacts, the provenance of materials and commercial networks to promote the application of Ostracoda in geoarchaeology/environmental archaeology.

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“…Anorthite may also be formed by the reaction of calcite both with quartz and K-feldspar (Reaction R7) (Elias and Cultrone, 2019) and with quartz and alumina (Reaction R8). Substantial anorthite contents suggest a firing temperature ≥ 900 • C (Daghmehchi et al, 2016), although the fine grain of the raw materials may enhance its crystallization at lower temperatures (Rathossi and Pontikes, 2010) as follows:…”

Section: Chemical and Mineralogical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firing and post-firing dynamics of Mg- and Ca-rich bricks used in the built heritage of the city of Padua (northeastern Italy)

2022

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Abstract. Diverse types of bricks from monuments in the city of Padua (northeastern Italy) were studied using a multi-analytical approach based on spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), polarized-light optical microscopy (POM) and/or high-resolution scanning electron microscopy with coupled energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HRSEM-EDS). The most representative bricks were yellow or beige and in well-preserved condition. The results showed that they were made of Mg- and Ca-rich illitic clays, were fired at high temperatures (from 900 to over 950 ∘C), and achieved an incipient vitrification. Two main processes took place during firing: (i) the development of a Ca-aluminosilicate amorphous phase where very abundant pyroxene-type crystals were nucleated and (ii) the transformation of the pristine Mg-rich clayey grains into Mg-silicate mineral phases. The analyses suggest a firing dynamic within a highly reactive and supersaturated unstable system, particularly rich in calcium and magnesium. There are also signs of the rapid heating and/or soaking of the bricks and the irregular heat distribution and/or different residence times inside the kilns. The formation of zeolite and calcite secondary phases was also observed. The former was largely promoted by the high calcium content of the bodies and the very humid conditions, while the latter was mainly precipitated from Ca-rich solutions. The preservation of the bricks was enhanced by processes that took place both during and after firing. Firstly, the significant development of a Ca-rich amorphous phase and of high-temperature pyroxene-type crystals has provided strength to the bricks. Secondly, the porosity yielded by the firing of the carbonate-rich clays was almost filled by secondary calcite, which acted as a cementing agent. The information attained has increased the knowledge of (i) the mineralogical and microstructural changes that take place during the firing over 900 ∘C of Ca- and Mg-rich illitic clays and (ii) the formation of secondary phases within highly calcareous bricks laid in very humid environments and affected by Ca-rich solutions. The key role of the Ca- and Mg-rich raw clays and of the high firing temperatures, in producing high-quality bricks, and of the secondary calcite, which increased their durability, is highlighted. All these factors have contributed to the better preservation of the built heritage of the city.

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Mineralogical and thermo-chemical characteristics of the Hellenistic ceramics and raw clay from Qizlar Qal'eh (northeastern Iran)

Cited by 15 publications

References 31 publications

Cathodoluminescence microscopy for interpreting the fabric and heating process of ancient pottery: Preliminary study on the technological features of pottery from the Kur River basin

Cathodoluminescence microscopy for interpreting the fabric and heating process of ancient pottery: Preliminary study on the technological features of pottery from the Kur River basin

Nonmarine Ostracoda as proxies in (geo‐)archaeology — A review

Firing and post-firing dynamics of Mg- and Ca-rich bricks used in the built heritage of the city of Padua (northeastern Italy)

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