Mineralogical and Chemical Investigation on the Recrystallization Process During Sintering in Phase-Interface Areas in Ancient Ceramic Matrices

Emami, Mohammadamin; Kowald, Torsten; Trettin, R.

doi:10.1080/10426910902979934

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The results show also the different phase constituents which are classified as primary as well as secondary phases ( Figure 1). Similar structural features were revealed in all the samples [5]. As a matter of fact, according to the diffraction patterns and microscopical observations it obtains the difference between the middle of the crucible to the surface due to exposing the structure to the reduction furnace.…”

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confidence: 51%

Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles

Emami

2011

Microsc Microanal

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Historical evaluation of science and technology in Iran has received sufficient emphasis. Ancient Iranian technology of iron and wootz steel manufacturing was not well documented. In the modern knowledge, the investigation as well as archaeological excavation has focused further on the techniques as well as provenance information [1]. A large amount of scientific objects were excavated by the archaeologist but non of the report has directly focused on the technology of great interest. One of the most important sites with high amount of archaeological samples is "Chahak" in south central of Iran in the province Shiraz. The iron technology according to the archaeological founds (crucible and slag) belong to the early 1 th B.C. and nominated for to the Achaemenian period. The geographical and geological character of this field proved several raw material depositions for extracting and manufacturing of iron ore [2]. Chahak belong to the central part of the Zagros orogeny and with respect to the high temperature and low pressure metamorphism, mainly hydrothermal ore reservoir could appeared on the field. In such a system the great interest on this field would be focused on Iron, Copper, Lead and Zink mineralization on the field [3]. The goal of this research is to determine the technology of iron extraction in 1 th B.C. by means of archaeological reminding materials such as slag and either crucible. Iron technology is gone ahead by making of special crucibles that processed the ore to the useful phase and shape. For characterizing of crucible based on their micro-texture two analytic disciplines have carried out; Firstly; chemical compositions of the crucible determined by XRF and SEM-EDX. Through out of these methods the chemical composition of crucible in a whole sample as well as in a phase in the texture determined. The results proved also the chemical composition of the samples as a group with different cluster system and by knowing distinguished factor in such a system, it is possible for classification of the samples according to their similarities [4]. Secondly; phase analyses and decomposition carried out by Polarization Light Microscopy, DSC and QXRD. The results show also the different phase constituents which are classified as primary as well as secondary phases ( Figure 1). Similar structural features were revealed in all the samples [5]. As a matter of fact, according to the diffraction patterns and microscopical observations it obtains the difference between the middle of the crucible to the surface due to exposing the structure to the reduction furnace. The crucible walls are porous due to the admixtures as well as not completely sintering by contact with high temperature smelt. In the glassy and amorphous matrix on the outer surface of the crucibles primary fine crystalline mullite is detected by QXRD as well as optical microscopy. Well round iron fragments observed in a few case is a results due to reduction of iron oxide in the clay. According to the mineralogical as well as chemical investigation...

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confidence: 51%

Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles

Emami

2011

Microsc Microanal

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“…Quartz changes its structure three times (decomposition) while reaching its melting point, and after this point it will cross over to the glass form. This could to be a hypothesis, why have the oldest ceramics still good texture as well as body for research purposes, and why optically they seem to be glassy (with uncontrolled temperature in the open furnace) (Emami et al, 2009). Quartz rich wares create a glassy rattle by the knocking on their surface.…”

Section: Chemical-mineralogical Investigations 321 Chemical Composimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some samples there exist also sandwich structures in the ceramics as layering structure with different colors. The inner layer is darker than the other and it comes through high SiO 2 content (Emami et al, 2009). …”

Section: Chemical-mineralogical Investigations 321 Chemical Composimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The next important group within these materials are the chain silicates, such as pyroxenes. Miscibility gaps of pyroxenes in general were apparent between calcic-clinopyroxenes and pigeonite, and therefore an intermediate composition may be possible at high temperature (Emami et al, 2009). Extensive solid solution is possible among members of the calcic, calcic-sodic and sodic pyroxenes.…”

Section: Identification Of Crystalline Phases In Pottery's Texture Wimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such microscopic observation helps one to connect the surface dynamics to the macroscopic damage behaviour. By use of the AFM method, it is be possible to measure the interaction between a solid surface and extremely fine pike (Emami et al, 2009). In general, this involves scanning an area in non-connected mode, which is carried out by a kind of sensor called a cantilever.…”

Section: Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Ancient Ceramic Matrices with High Resolution Microscopy Methods

Emami¹,

Volkmar²,

Trettin³

2011

Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications

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Deep inside the ceramic texture: A microscopic–chemical approach to the phase transition via partial-sintering processes in ancient ceramic matrices

Emami

Sakali

Pritzel

et al. 2016

J Microsc Ultrastruct

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High-resolution microscopy investigations on ancient ceramics recommend the complex progression of crystalline phases in an antique object via the sintering process. Based on materials-science point of view, sintering is not a routinely reaction in all crystalline phases with the same crystallographic pattern, but also is a transition pathway. Sintering depends on the processing of raw materials via the manufacturing process. Five samples are chosen for this analytical approach from two different periods from Tappeh Zaghe, Iran (5100 millennium BC). A multimicroscopical approach was carried out by means of polarized light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Crystalline phases were determined by X-ray diffraction and refined after Rietveld method. The observation of the behavior of phase–interphase boundaries of a crystalline part in the nano area suggests that the partial sintering is the point at which the mineral began to be decomposed, and the conditions of the occurrences of this phenomenon depend on crystallographic properties.

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Mineralogical and Chemical Investigation on the Recrystallization Process During Sintering in Phase-Interface Areas in Ancient Ceramic Matrices

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles

Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles

Characterization of Ancient Ceramic Matrices with High Resolution Microscopy Methods

Deep inside the ceramic texture: A microscopic–chemical approach to the phase transition via partial-sintering processes in ancient ceramic matrices

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