Mineralization of Radioactive Wastes by Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (Fbsr): Comparisons to Vitreous Waste Forms, and Pertinent Durability Testing

Radionuclide and Contaminant Immobilization in the Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming Waste Product

“…All bonding in the sodalite/nosean single unit cell is ionic and the atoms are regularly arranged. This is similar to the manner of ionic bonding in glass, but more highly ordered than the atomic arrangements in glasses which have no long-range order (Jantzen, 2008).…”

“…An explanation of the enhanced durability has been given by Jantzen (2008). According to this author, the dissolution mechanisms (contaminant release mechanisms) of the SRO and MRO in mineral (ceramic) and vitreous waste forms are similar.…”

“…The trivalent ions reside in the four-fold coordination positions and the divalent ions reside in the six-fold coordination positions. All the trivalent and divalent ions are ionically bonded to oxygen (Jantzen, 2008).…”

“…Both nepheline and carnegeite have ring structures. In Table 3 one may see a summary of the mineral phases identified by Jantzen and Crawford (2010) In addition to the NAS phases, other minor phases have been identified using XRD of the FBSR granular product. These include quartz (SiO 2 ) and anatase (TiO 2 ), which are impurities in the clays used as mineralizing agents in the FBSR.…”

“…The oxidation state can impact how and where contaminants are captured in the FBSR product (Jantzen, 2008). The FBSR process is run under reducing conditions with a log oxygen fugacity of -15 to -16 Pa.…”