Mineralization of organic contaminants in sludge‐soil mixtures

Gejlsbjerg, Bo; Klinge, Charlotte; Madsen, Torben

doi:10.1002/etc.5620200402

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…The predicted worst-case field concentration of NP is a factor of 34 lower than the lowest EC10 value found in the present study, and it is at least a factor of 11 lower than the lowest EC10 found in the literature [6]. When biodegradation is taken into account (e.g., mineralization half-lives of 7-10 d for LAS and linear NP under aerobic conditions [14]), the exposure concentrations in the field will rapidly decrease. In field experiments, Brandt et al [29] estimated an EC50 value for LAS of approximately 4 g/kg sludge (dry wt) by counting the numbers of enchytraeids in sludge strings placed in the soil.…”

Section: Extrapolationcontrasting

confidence: 68%

“…Linear 4-nonylphenol was purchased from RISØ National Laboratory. Mineralization controls were prepared by use of 14 C-labeled 4-(2-dodecyl)benzene sulfonate, sodium salt (C 12 LAS, 0.294 mCi/mmol) and 14 C-labeled linear 4-nonylphenol (0.107 mCi/ mmol) that were obtained from RISØ National Laboratory. These chemicals were randomly 14 C-labeled in the aromatic ring and had a radiochemical purity of greater than 95%.…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These mixtures were prepared both with defaunated sludge mixed with defaunated soil (control for F. candida test) and with nondefaunated sludge mixed with defaunated soil (control for E. albidus test). The 14 C activity in each test bottle was approximately 5,000 Bq. A vial with 2 ml of 0.5 N potassium hydroxide (KOH) was placed in each test bottle to absorb the evolved 14 CO 2 .…”

Section: Mineralization Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Gejlsbjerg

Klinge

Samsøe-Petersen

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The application of sewage sludge to agricultural land brings several chemicals to the soil ecosystem. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and nonylphenol (NP) are frequently found in sludge at relatively high concentrations. The toxic effects of LAS and NP to two soil invertebrates (Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus albidus) and five different microbial processes (aerobic respiration, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic CH4 production, and anaerobic CO2 production) were investigated in sludge-soil mixtures. Median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) and median effective concentrations (EC50 values) were quite similar and calculated to be in the range of 1,143 to 1,437 and 71 to 437 mg/kg (dry wt) for LAS and NP, respectively. The EC50 values for nitrification and CH4 production were 431 and 277 mg/kg, respectively, for LAS and 343 and 754 mg/kg, respectively, for NP. Aerobic respiration and denitrification were not inhibited at the tested concentrations. The results show that NP was more toxic than LAS to both F. candida and E. albidus, whereas LAS was more toxic than NP to the anaerobic CH4 production. The safety margins between the lowest 10% effective concentration (EC10) and the estimated environmental concentration were a factor of 11 for LAS and 510 for NP when the concentrations of the contaminants corresponded to the current Danish cutoff values of 1,300 mg/kg for LAS and 30 mg/kg for NP.

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Section: Extrapolationcontrasting

confidence: 68%

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mineralization Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Gejlsbjerg

Klinge

Samsøe-Petersen

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Several laboratory screening tests, which determine ultimate biodegradation by measuring gas production (CH 4 and CO 2 ) over a two month incubation period, did not show significant anaerobic biodegradation of LAS (Steber, 1991; Federle and Schwab, 1992; Gejlsbjerg et al, 2004; García et al, 2005; Berna et al, 2007). Based on these studies, it is generally recognized that LAS is not biotransformed in anaerobic environments, though under oxygen-limited field conditions biodegradation of LAS can be initiated and then continue in anaerobic environments (Larson et al, 1993; Leòn et al, 2001).…”

Section: Surfactant Overviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Environmental Safety of the Use of Major Surfactant Classes in North America

Cowan-Ellsberry¹,

Belanger

Dorn

et al. 2014

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

156

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This paper brings together over 250 published and unpublished studies on the environmental properties, fate, and toxicity of the four major, high-volume surfactant classes and relevant feedstocks. The surfactants and feedstocks covered include alcohol sulfate or alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE), and long-chain alcohol (LCOH). These chemicals are used in a wide range of personal care and cleaning products. To date, this is the most comprehensive report on these substance's chemical structures, use, and volume information, physical/chemical properties, environmental fate properties such as biodegradation and sorption, monitoring studies through sewers, wastewater treatment plants and eventual release to the environment, aquatic and sediment toxicity, and bioaccumulation information. These data are used to illustrate the process for conducting both prospective and retrospective risk assessments for large-volume chemicals and categories of chemicals with wide dispersive use. Prospective risk assessments of AS, AES, AE, LAS, and LCOH demonstrate that these substances, although used in very high volume and widely released to the aquatic environment, have no adverse impact on the aquatic or sediment environments at current levels of use. The retrospective risk assessments of these same substances have clearly demonstrated that the conclusions of the prospective risk assessments are valid and confirm that these substances do not pose a risk to the aquatic or sediment environments. This paper also highlights the many years of research that the surfactant and cleaning products industry has supported, as part of their environmental sustainability commitment, to improve environmental tools, approaches, and develop innovative methods appropriate to address environmental properties of personal care and cleaning product chemicals, many of which have become approved international standard methods.

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“…The slightly lower LAS degradation rates recorded at 100% WHC compared to those at 68% WHC thus may have resulted from oxygen limitation. Indeed, oxygen availability in soil and sludge mixtures of different water contents (40 or 80% WHC) recently was identified as the single most important factor influencing LAS mineralization rates in the soil used in the present work [28].…”

Section: Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Degradation and Toxicity: Hetementioning

confidence: 89%

Influence of soil moisture on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate‐induced toxicity in ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria

Nielsen¹,

Brandt²,

Jacobsen³

et al. 2004

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Moisture affects bioavailability and fate of pollutants in soil, but very little is known about moisture-induced effects on pollutant toxicity. We here report on a modifying effect of moisture on degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) and on their toxicity towards ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in agricultural soil. In soil spiked with two LAS levels (250 or 1,000 mg/kg) and incubated at four different moisture levels (9-100% of water-holding capacity), degradation was strongly affected by both soil moisture and initial LAS concentration, resulting in degradation half-lives ranging from 13 to more than 160 d. Toxicity towards AOB assessed by a novel Nitrosomonas europaea luxAB-reporter assay was correlated to total LAS concentration, indicating that LAS remained bioavailable over time without accumulation of toxic intermediates. Toxicity towards indigenous AOB increased with increasing soil moisture. The results indicate that dry soil conditions inhibit LAS degradation and provide protection against toxicity within the indigenous AOB, thus allowing for a rapid recovery of this population when LAS degradation is resumed and completed after rewetting. We propose that the protection of microbial populations against toxicity in dry soil may be a general phenomenon caused primarily by limited diffusion and thus a low bioavailability of the toxicant.

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Mineralization of organic contaminants in sludge‐soil mixtures

Cited by 27 publications

References 19 publications

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Environmental Safety of the Use of Major Surfactant Classes in North America

Influence of soil moisture on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate‐induced toxicity in ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria

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