Mineralization Controls in Island Arc Settings: Insights from Philippine Metallic Deposits

Yumuljr, G

doi:10.1016/s1342-937x(05)71023-6

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Several factors control the formation and accumulation of gold and copper deposits in island arcs (Cooke & Simmons 2000;Watanabe 2005). In the Philippines, three factors dominate: (i) the location of magmatic arcs; (ii) the type of ore-bearing magmas; and (iii) the presence of structures characterized by low pressure, high permeability, and extensional stress regimes (Imai 2002;Yumul et al 2003c). At the appropriate spatial and temporal relationship, metal solubility in the melt is decreased resulting in its subsequent deposition and accumulation.…”

Section: Why So Much Mineralization?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Baguio Mineral District: An oceanic arc witness to the geological evolution of northern Luzon, Philippines

et al. 2008

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The Baguio Mineral District exposes rock formations that evince the geological and tectonic evolution of this district from a subduction-related marginal basin to an island arc setting. Available onshore and offshore data are consistent with an Early (onset phase) to Middle (developed phase) Miocene arc polarity reversal from the east (termination of subduction along the proto-East Luzon Trough) to the west (initiation of subduction along the Manila Trench). Geophysical modeling and geochemical data calculation showed a 30 Ϯ 5 km crustal thickness for the mineral district. Subduction-related multiple arc magmatism and ophiolite accretion contributed to crustal thickening. Recent information on the Oligo-Miocene Zigzag and Klondyke formations in the mineral district reveal that the marginal basin, where these rocks were deposited, has received eroded materials from adjacent terrains characterized by siliceous lithologies. Furthermore, adakitic rocks, high permeable zones and extensional zones which are exploration markers applied to identify possible mineralization targets, are prevalent in the mineral district. The geological evolution that the district had undergone mimics the evolution of island arcs worldwide in general and northern Luzon in particular.

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Section: Why So Much Mineralization?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Baguio Mineral District: An oceanic arc witness to the geological evolution of northern Luzon, Philippines

et al. 2008

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“…This configuration is typical of pull-apart structures wherein the resulting fractures serve as pathways for the hydrothermal fluids and ultimately as repositories for precious metals (Keys and Skinner, 1988;Yumul et al, 2003;Swe et al, 2004). Most of the veins often display massive textures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial assessment of the property, which encompasses 1,410 hectares, indicated the presence of nine major vein structures, with an inferred resource of 18.6 Million tons at an average tenor of 0.34 g/ton Au (Corpus, 2000). The discovery of this deposit further enhances the economic potential of the Zambales-Bataan Volcanic Arc where several massive nickel sulfide, chromitite, platinum group mineral, porphyry copper and gold deposits have been identified (Sillitoe and Gappe, 1984;Malihan, 1997;Yumul et al, 2003, Imai, 2005. This paper discusses the geology, wall rock alteration and gold mineralization style associated with the PGS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Low Sulfidation

et al. 2005

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Abstract:The Pantingan Gold System (PGS) is a vein-type epithermal prospect exposed within the summit caldera of Mount Mariveles, Bagac, Bataan (Luzon), Philippines. It consists of nine major veins, eight of which trend NW-WNW and distributed in an en echelon array. The eastern tips of these veins appear to terminate near the NE-NNE trending Vein 1, which is located in the easternmost portion of the prospect. Metal assay results on vein and wall rock samples indicate concentrations of 0.01 to 1.1 g/ton Au, trace to 34 g/ton Ag and 0.003 to 0.02 % Cu. Andesite lava flow deposits host the PGS. Potassium-Argon isotopic dating of these andesites yields a narrow age range of 0.88 ± 0.13 to 1.13 ± 0.17 Ma. The surface exposures of the veins (up to 5 m wide) are encountered at different levels between 590-740 masl. These commonly display a massive texture although banding prominently occurs in Vein 1. The veins consist of gray to cream-colored crystalline and chalcedonic quartz and amorphous silica. Pyrite is the most ubiquitous sulfide mineral. It occurs either as fine-grained disseminations and aggregates in quartz or as infillings in vugs. Calcite, marcasite and bornite are also occasionally noted in the deposit. The prospect shows silicic, argillic, propylitic and advanced argillic alteration zones. Silicic and argillic alterations are confined in the immediate wall rocks of the quartz veins. Argillic alteration grades to a propylitic zone farther away from the veins. The advanced argillic alteration zone, indicated by a suite of acidic clay minerals that include kaolinite, dickite, pyrophyllite and alunite, might have been imprinted during the late stages of gold deposition. As a whole, the PGS displays geological and mineralogical features typical of gold mineralization in a low sulfidation, epithermal environment. It is also representative of a young, tectonically undisturbed gold deposit.

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“…These include, from oldest to youngest, the Early Oligocene-Early Miocene Zigzag Formation, the Early to Middle Miocene Kennon Limestone, the Middle to Late Miocene Klondyke Formation, the Late Miocene to Pliocene Pico Formation and the Plio-Pleistocene Mirador Limestone. Miocene to Pleistocene island arc-related dioritic to gabbroic plutons, calc-alkaline and adakitic lavas intrude all the older formations (e.g., Balce et al, 1979;Yumul et al, 2003). The geology and stratigraphy of the Baguio Mineral District reflects its evolution from a marginal basin during the Paleogene to its present-day island arc setting (Yumul, 1995) (Fig.…”

Section: Geology Of the Baguio Mineral Districtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Zigzag - Klondyke Sedimentary Rock Formations: Clues to the Evolution of the Baguio Mineral District (Luzon), Philippines

Tam¹,

Yumul²,

Ramos³

et al. 2005

Resource Geology

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Abstract. Petrographic analysis of the Oligocene‐Miocene Zigzag Formation and Miocene Klondyke Formation of the Baguio Mineral District reveals a transitional arc source for the former and an undissected arc source for the latter. Whole rock geochemistry of these sedimentary rock formations show affiliation of the Zigzag Formation to active continental margin whereas the Klondyke Formation appears to have been derived from an oceanic island arc source. A different aspect of the geology of the district is further gleaned from the whole rock rare earth element geochemistry of these rocks. Samples from the Zigzag Formation are characterized by higher REE concentrations compared to the Klondyke Formation samples. The REE data indicate that the sedimentary rocks of the Klondyke Formation had geochemically‐less fractionated igneous lithologies as their progenitor whereas the older Zigzag Formation was derived from a more differentiated source. This new set of information contributes to the understanding of the evolution of this district from a marginal basin to an island arc setting.

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Mineralization Controls in Island Arc Settings: Insights from Philippine Metallic Deposits

Cited by 23 publications

References 50 publications

Baguio Mineral District: An oceanic arc witness to the geological evolution of northern Luzon, Philippines

Baguio Mineral District: An oceanic arc witness to the geological evolution of northern Luzon, Philippines

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Low Sulfidation

Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Zigzag - Klondyke Sedimentary Rock Formations: Clues to the Evolution of the Baguio Mineral District (Luzon), Philippines

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