Mineral requirements of fish: a systematic review

Abstract

Meta-analysis of literature data on mineral and trace element requirements of fish was performed with the major objectives of identifying appropriate response criteria and the factors affecting the minimal dietary inclusion levels. The primary data set included 25 studies on available P, 20 on Ca, 24 on Mg, 5 on K, 37 for Zn, 23 for Se, 19 for Mn, 16 for Fe and 13 for Cu. Broken line regression analysis with linear plateau model (P, Ca, Mg and K) or two-linear line model (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Se) was used for determining the minimal dietary inclusion levels. Vertebral mineral concentration (P, Ca, Zn and Mn), whole-body mineral levels (Mg, K and Fe) and hepatic enzyme activity (Se) were found to be the most appropriate criteria for the respective minerals analysed. In general, weight gain as the criterion resulted in a lower estimate (by 18-42%) than those obtained using whole-body or vertebral mineral concentrations as response criteria. The analysis also showed that different fish species do not show large variations in the mineral and trace element concentrations in the whole body and tissues. Factors such as species group and digestive physiology, type of experimental diet used and dietary interactions, type of mineral source and mineral concentration of water were found to affect the minimal dietary inclusion levels of certain minerals. Besides the meta-analysis, research needs in mineral nutrition of fish with reference to growing changes in dietary strategies and rearing systems are discussed.

Feed Utilisation Efficiency of Lupin Inclusion in Cobia: Role of Dietary Organic Selenium Supplementation

“…The chelation between phytate and cation groups in protein, amino acids and lipid can also result in a reduction in the digestibility of these nutrients (Francis et al, 2001). Meanwhile, the metabolism of minerals in fish might also be compromised due to the presence of other anti-nutritional factors, such as tannin, saponin, glucosinolates and gossypol (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2014). Thus, the complexity of mineral chelation may depress the growth, feed utilisation and mineral absorption in fish, as observed in Atlantic salmon Salmon salar (Storebakken, Shearer, & Roem, 1998) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Satoh, Poe, & Wilson, 1989).…”

“…The increased inclusion levels of plant-derived ingredients in aqua-feeds can impact the uptake and digestion of minerals, consequently changing the mineral requirements of the fish (Antony Jesu Prabhu, Schrama, & Kaushik, 2014;Barrows, Gaylord, Sealey, Smith, & Porter, 2010;Read et al, 2014). The anti-nutritional factors presented in plant-derived ingredients can also interact with minerals, making these minerals less available for fish (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2014).…”

“…The anti-nutritional factors presented in plant-derived ingredients can also interact with minerals, making these minerals less available for fish (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2014). The interaction between phytic acid and minerals directly affects the digestion of minerals in fish.…”

“…The interaction between phytic acid and minerals directly affects the digestion of minerals in fish. Whereas, the metabolised process of minerals can be disrupted due to the presence of other anti-nutrients (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2014), thus, reducing nutrient digestibility (Petterson, 2000). Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral for normal growth and physiological functions in animals (Watanabe, Kiron, & Satoh, 1997).…”

“…The deficiency of Se can cause negative effects on growth and survival, peroxidative damage to cells and their membranes and reduced host defence function in farmed fish (Liu, Wang, Ai, Mai, & Zhang, 2010) (Lin & Shiau, 2005;Liu et al, 2010). Feed ingredients contain varied amounts of Se, with relatively lower Se contents in plant-derived products than in fishmeal (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2014;Watanabe et al, 1997). Additionally, the low Se level in lupin meal (18 -240 µg/kg) in Australia due to the low Se concentration in Australian soils (Petterson, 2000) results in inadequate Se in the diets when fishmeal protein is replaced with lupin meal protein.…”