Mineral requirements of fish: a systematic review

Abstract

Meta-analysis of literature data on mineral and trace element requirements of fish was performed with the major objectives of identifying appropriate response criteria and the factors affecting the minimal dietary inclusion levels. The primary data set included 25 studies on available P, 20 on Ca, 24 on Mg, 5 on K, 37 for Zn, 23 for Se, 19 for Mn, 16 for Fe and 13 for Cu. Broken line regression analysis with linear plateau model (P, Ca, Mg and K) or two-linear line model (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Se) was used for determining the minimal dietary inclusion levels. Vertebral mineral concentration (P, Ca, Zn and Mn), whole-body mineral levels (Mg, K and Fe) and hepatic enzyme activity (Se) were found to be the most appropriate criteria for the respective minerals analysed. In general, weight gain as the criterion resulted in a lower estimate (by 18-42%) than those obtained using whole-body or vertebral mineral concentrations as response criteria. The analysis also showed that different fish species do not show large variations in the mineral and trace element concentrations in the whole body and tissues. Factors such as species group and digestive physiology, type of experimental diet used and dietary interactions, type of mineral source and mineral concentration of water were found to affect the minimal dietary inclusion levels of certain minerals. Besides the meta-analysis, research needs in mineral nutrition of fish with reference to growing changes in dietary strategies and rearing systems are discussed.

Effects of dietary zinc level on performance, zinc status, tissue composition and enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii (Brandt 1869)

“…A variety of antioxidant defences are developed in animals to protect them against reactive oxygen species which are primarily begun by the activity of specialized antioxidant enzymes (Feng et al., ; Huang et al., ). In agreement with the previous studies (Hidalgo et al., ; Houng‐Yung et al., ; Lin et al., ; Luo et al., ), results of the current study demonstrated that Zn supplementation to the diet of Siberian sturgeon significantly affected the SOD and GPX activities, two powerful antioxidant enzymes responsible for free oxygen radical removal from the cellular environment and catalyst of lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction (Fattman et al., ; Huang et al., ; Prabhu, Schrama, & Kaushik, ).…”

Effects of dietary zinc level on performance, zinc status, tissue composition and enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii (Brandt 1869)

“…A variety of antioxidant defences are developed in animals to protect them against reactive oxygen species which are primarily begun by the activity of specialized antioxidant enzymes (Feng et al., ; Huang et al., ). In agreement with the previous studies (Hidalgo et al., ; Houng‐Yung et al., ; Lin et al., ; Luo et al., ), results of the current study demonstrated that Zn supplementation to the diet of Siberian sturgeon significantly affected the SOD and GPX activities, two powerful antioxidant enzymes responsible for free oxygen radical removal from the cellular environment and catalyst of lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction (Fattman et al., ; Huang et al., ; Prabhu, Schrama, & Kaushik, ).…”

Effects of dietary zinc sources and levels on growth performance, tissue zinc retention and antioxidant response of juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed diets containing phytic acid

“…We also observed that vertebrae and intestine are the main retention organs, but not hepatopancreas. The Zn concentration in the vertebrae of the common carp averaged at 128 mg/kg in Zn‐S group and 150 mg/kg in Zn‐M group, which was similar to the meta‐analysis result of 138.2 mg/kg reported by Antony Jesu Prabhu et al ().…”

Effects of dietary plant and animal protein sources and replacement levels on growth and feed performance and nutritional status of market-sized turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in RAS

“…Similarly for the mineral composition of the carcass, where data for turbot is rare but similar to previous studies (van Bussel et al, 2014;Hoerterer et al, 2022b), and is similar to those of other species (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2016). Differences in the mineral composition are only expected when there are strong deficiencies in the diet (Shearer, 1994) and are further influenced by the mineral concentrations in the rearing water (van Bussel et al, 2014;Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2016). Both factors are not present in this study, since the diets were formulated and manufactured to meet the species-specific demands for macro-and micronutrients and all fish were kept in the same rearing water.…”

Effects of dietary zinc level on performance, zinc status, tissue composition and enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii (Brandt 1869)

“…A variety of antioxidant defences are developed in animals to protect them against reactive oxygen species which are primarily begun by the activity of specialized antioxidant enzymes (Feng et al., ; Huang et al., ). In agreement with the previous studies (Hidalgo et al., ; Houng‐Yung et al., ; Lin et al., ; Luo et al., ), results of the current study demonstrated that Zn supplementation to the diet of Siberian sturgeon significantly affected the SOD and GPX activities, two powerful antioxidant enzymes responsible for free oxygen radical removal from the cellular environment and catalyst of lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction (Fattman et al., ; Huang et al., ; Prabhu, Schrama, & Kaushik, ).…”

Effects of dietary zinc sources and levels on growth performance, tissue zinc retention and antioxidant response of juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed diets containing phytic acid

“…We also observed that vertebrae and intestine are the main retention organs, but not hepatopancreas. The Zn concentration in the vertebrae of the common carp averaged at 128 mg/kg in Zn‐S group and 150 mg/kg in Zn‐M group, which was similar to the meta‐analysis result of 138.2 mg/kg reported by Antony Jesu Prabhu et al ().…”

Effects of dietary plant and animal protein sources and replacement levels on growth and feed performance and nutritional status of market-sized turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in RAS

“…Similarly for the mineral composition of the carcass, where data for turbot is rare but similar to previous studies (van Bussel et al, 2014;Hoerterer et al, 2022b), and is similar to those of other species (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2016). Differences in the mineral composition are only expected when there are strong deficiencies in the diet (Shearer, 1994) and are further influenced by the mineral concentrations in the rearing water (van Bussel et al, 2014;Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2016). Both factors are not present in this study, since the diets were formulated and manufactured to meet the species-specific demands for macro-and micronutrients and all fish were kept in the same rearing water.…”

Effects of dietary zinc level on performance, zinc status, tissue composition and enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii (Brandt 1869)

“…A variety of antioxidant defences are developed in animals to protect them against reactive oxygen species which are primarily begun by the activity of specialized antioxidant enzymes (Feng et al., ; Huang et al., ). In agreement with the previous studies (Hidalgo et al., ; Houng‐Yung et al., ; Lin et al., ; Luo et al., ), results of the current study demonstrated that Zn supplementation to the diet of Siberian sturgeon significantly affected the SOD and GPX activities, two powerful antioxidant enzymes responsible for free oxygen radical removal from the cellular environment and catalyst of lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction (Fattman et al., ; Huang et al., ; Prabhu, Schrama, & Kaushik, ).…”

Effects of dietary zinc sources and levels on growth performance, tissue zinc retention and antioxidant response of juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed diets containing phytic acid

“…We also observed that vertebrae and intestine are the main retention organs, but not hepatopancreas. The Zn concentration in the vertebrae of the common carp averaged at 128 mg/kg in Zn‐S group and 150 mg/kg in Zn‐M group, which was similar to the meta‐analysis result of 138.2 mg/kg reported by Antony Jesu Prabhu et al ().…”

Effects of dietary plant and animal protein sources and replacement levels on growth and feed performance and nutritional status of market-sized turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in RAS

“…Similarly for the mineral composition of the carcass, where data for turbot is rare but similar to previous studies (van Bussel et al, 2014;Hoerterer et al, 2022b), and is similar to those of other species (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2016). Differences in the mineral composition are only expected when there are strong deficiencies in the diet (Shearer, 1994) and are further influenced by the mineral concentrations in the rearing water (van Bussel et al, 2014;Antony Jesu Prabhu et al, 2016). Both factors are not present in this study, since the diets were formulated and manufactured to meet the species-specific demands for macro-and micronutrients and all fish were kept in the same rearing water.…”