Mineral Processing of Rare Earth Ores

Das, Surya Kanta; Angadi, Shivakumar I.; Kundu, Tonmoy; Basu, Suddhasatwa

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38106-6_2

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The recovery of REE minerals primarily uses the differences in density, magnetic and electrical characteristics, and surface chemistry of REE minerals and accompanied gangue minerals. Hence, they could be recovered via physical separation techniques (gravity, magnetic, electrostatic, and flotation methods) [1,13,51]. A primary ore concentration using physical methods would minimize the consumed acids during the leaching of REE low-content ores.…”

Section: Rees In Egypt: Physical Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, they hold diverse magnetic characteristics based on the abundance of paramagnetic or diamagnetic elements accessible in the mineral. At low temperatures, paramagnetic REEs suppose ferromagnetic nature when exposed to a magnetic field [13,51].…”

Section: Magnetic Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineral particles could be charged with conductive induction, ion bombardment or triboelectrification. This technique was applied in upgrading xenotime and monazite from gangue minerals with similar densities and magnetic features [1,13,51].…”

Section: Electrostatic Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-Only dry magnetic separators were used to upgrade Egyptian REE. However, wet high-intensity magnetic separators showed high efficiency in separating diamagnetic silicates from bastnaesite, allanite, and fergusonite [51]. Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy suggested a flowsheet for beneficiating Bayan Obo rare earth mineral deposit, China.…”

Section: Recommendations and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The achieved nonmagnetics were separated with tabling and flotation to obtain bastnaesite concentrates. The recovery process included comminution, LIMS/HIMS magnetic separators along with direct/reverse flotation [51,68]. The HIMS non-magnetic fraction was treated with flotation using naphthyl hydroxamic acid as collector, J 10 as frother, and sodium silicate as a depressant for silicates.…”

Section: Recommendations and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare Earths in Egypt: Occurrence, Characterization and Physical Separation, A Review

Hassan

2023

International Journal of Materials Technology and Innovation

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Rare Earth Elements (REEs) consist of the fifteen lanthanide elements plus scandium and yttrium, and can be found in more than 250 minerals. They exist in reasonable abundance in the Earth's crust, but mining sites contain too small REEs concentration to be valuable for separation. Cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, and neodymium are the most abundant REEs in the crust with similar abundances to commonly mined nickel and zinc metals. However, their extraction is almost impossible as they are found in deposits with very low concentrations. These elements are applied in various modern applications, including high-tension magnets, additives for metal and glass, petroleum refining catalysts, and phosphors used in electronic displays. REEs never existed as pure metals, while they are found in many minerals, including carbonates, halides, oxides, phosphates and silicates. Bastnäsite, monazite, and xenotime, as REE-bearing minerals, could be mined economically. They could be recovered using gravity, magnetic, electrostatic, and flotation techniques. This review examines the mineralogy, characterization and physical separation techniques currently used for the beneficiation of Egyptian rare earth minerals and spots localities that require further research.

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Section: Rees In Egypt: Physical Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magnetic Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrostatic Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recommendations and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recommendations and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare Earths in Egypt: Occurrence, Characterization and Physical Separation, A Review

Hassan

2023

International Journal of Materials Technology and Innovation

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Indian Rare-Earth Deposits: Related Industry, Balance Problem and Atmnirbhar Bharat

Singh

2021

Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth

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Gravity-based pre-concentration strategies for complex rare earth ore containing niobium and zirconium

Zhou,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process.

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The Balzhe rare earth mine, renowned for its rich reservoirs of niobium, zirconium, and rare earth elements, poses a unique challenge due to its diverse and interbedded mineral composition. Despite the abundance of these elements, their valuable grade remains notably low, falling short of economic thresholds. To this end, pre-concentration of valuable minerals to discard gangue minerals before flotation would be an economical option. In response, this study delves into the feasibility of gravity-induced pre-concentration, aiming to segregate valuable minerals from gangue for subsequent flotation processes. Conducting float-and-sink tests on varied particle sizes (-2+0.5 mm, -0.5+0.074 mm, and -0.074+0.02 mm) within heavy liquids of specific gravities (ranging from 2.55 to 2.85), the study reveals the effectiveness of gravity separation. Notably, particles sized -2+0.5 mm and -0.074+0.02 mm demonstrated superior separation performance over the -0.5+0.074 mm fraction. Comparative analysis of diverse gravity separation equipment unveiled compelling results. The dense medium cyclone separator showcased impressive recovery rates and high-grade concentrates of Nb2O5, ZrO2, and total rare earth oxides (TREO) at 0.34%, 8.20%, and 0.41%, respectively, surpassing the sand table's performance for -2+0.5 mm particles. Conversely, for -0.5+0.074 mm particles, the shaking table exhibited optimal separation efficiency, yielding grades of Nb2O5, ZrO2, and TREO at 0.37%, 4.08%, and 0.44%, with substantial recovery values. Ultimately, the Knelson centrifugal separator proved most effective for -0.074+0.02 mm particles, yielding notable grades and recoveries of Nb2O5, ZrO2, and TREO. This study underscores the promising potential of gravity-induced pre-concentration techniques for enhancing the recovery of valuable elements from the complex Balzhe rare earth ore, offering critical insights into optimizing mineral extraction processes.

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Mineral Processing of Rare Earth Ores

Cited by 3 publications

References 36 publications

Rare Earths in Egypt: Occurrence, Characterization and Physical Separation, A Review

Rare Earths in Egypt: Occurrence, Characterization and Physical Separation, A Review

Indian Rare-Earth Deposits: Related Industry, Balance Problem and Atmnirbhar Bharat

Gravity-based pre-concentration strategies for complex rare earth ore containing niobium and zirconium

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