Mineral Metabolism in Pregnancy

Davidson, Karen M.; Repke, John T.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1642-1_14

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…During pregnancy, there is an expansion of the ECF, including the plasma volume, starting within 2 weeks of conception. Expansion of the plasma volume is between 1 and 1.6 L. These changes occur irrespective of the mother's size, are usually larger in multigravida, and are accompanied by a fall in both plasma osmolality and plasma sodium concentrations (Davidson and Repke et al., ). The expansion of the ECF represents a change in the homeostasis of total body water that is accompanied by increased cardiac output, increased vascular perfusion of organs and tissues, and reduced SBP in the first half of pregnancy.…”

Section: Definition/categorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary reference values for sodium

Turck

Castenmiller²,

Henauw

et al. 2019

EFS2

110

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) derived dietary reference values (DRVs) for sodium. Evidence from balance studies on sodium and on the relationship between sodium intake and health outcomes, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related endpoints and bone health, was reviewed. The data were not sufficient to enable an average requirement (AR) or population reference intake (PRI) to be derived. However, by integrating the available evidence and associated uncertainties, the Panel considers that a sodium intake of 2.0 g/day represents a level of sodium for which there is sufficient confidence in a reduced risk of CVD in the general adult population. In addition, a sodium intake of 2.0 g/day is likely to allow most of the general adult population to maintain sodium balance. Therefore, the Panel considers that 2.0 g sodium/day is a safe and adequate intake for the general EU population of adults. The same value applies to pregnant and lactating women. Sodium intakes that are considered safe and adequate for children are extrapolated from the value for adults, adjusting for their respective energy requirement and including a growth factor, and are as follows: 1.1 g/day for children aged 1-3 years, 1.3 g/day for children aged 4-6 years, 1.7 g/day for children aged 7-10 years and 2.0 g/day for children aged 11-17 years, respectively. For infants aged 7-11 months, an Adequate Intake (AI) of 0.2 g/day is proposed based on upwards extrapolation of the estimated sodium intake in exclusively breast-fed infants aged 0-6 months. SummaryFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on dietary reference values (DRVs) for the European population, including sodium.Sodium (Na + ) is the dominant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the body. The functions of sodium lie in its participation in the control of the volume and systemic distribution of total body water; enabling the cellular uptake of solutes; and the generation via interactions with potassium of transmembrane electrochemical potentials.Dietary sodium deficiency is rare in healthy European populations. Sodium chloride and other sodium salts are ubiquitous in the diet, and there are adaptive physiological mechanisms that reduce the losses of sodium in urine, faeces and sweat at low levels of sodium intake. Sodium chloride added during industrial food processing and discretionary use or food preservation is the major source of dietary sodium in Western diets. Other sources of sodium include inherently native sources and sodium-containing food additives, in which sodium may be associated with anions other than chloride.In healthy people, almost all dietary sodium is absorbed, even at very high level of intake. Following absorption, sodium ions are distributed by portal and systemic circulations, where their concentrations are maintained within a narrow range. Up to 95% o...

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Section: Definition/categorymentioning

confidence: 99%