Mineral disorders in grazing livestock and the usefulness of soil and plant analysis in the assessment of these disorders

Judson, G. J.; McFarlane, JD

doi:10.1071/ea97145

Cited by 57 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…It is well documented that soil ingestion by animals can have a significant effect on trace mineral ingestion, implying that the elements in soil are bioavailable. Judson & McFarlane (1998) pointed out that in ruminants under normal grazing conditions ingested soil can be a source of mineral elements such as Fe, iodine (I) and Mn. Neser et al (1997) found that young calves with a pre-ruminant, that is, a monogastric, digestive system consuming soil high in Mn, developed Mn toxicity owing to the accumulation of Mn in their livers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Raphulu¹,

Rensburg²,

Ryssen³

2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional status of scavenging chickens by assessing the composition of their crop contents. The study was conducted on 288 free-ranging indigenous chickens from six adjacent rural villages in Venda region of South Africa over three seasons (autumn, winter and spring). The chickens consumed grains, kitchen waste, seeds from the environment, plant materials, worms and insects, and some undistinguishable materials. Household waste accounted for 78.6%, 91.1% and 75.8% and materials of animal origin, including insects and worms, accounted for 7.4%, 10.4% and 16% of the crop content in autumn, winter and spring, respectively. Grains and kitchen waste consumption and macro-and micro-nutrient concentrations varied with season. The crude protein (CP) level of the crop contents of adult chickens in all seasons and the calcium and phosphorus levels in winter corresponded with the requirements of poultry for maintenance and growth, but not egg production. Supplementation of CP to young birds in all seasons and calcium and phosphorus in autumn and spring might be necessary to improve their growth. Concentrations of copper, manganese, zinc and cobalt were above the requirements of poultry, but below their maximum tolerance levels (MTL). Iron concentrations ranged from 2907 mg/kg DM to 6424 mg/kg DM, which are well above MTL, suggesting potential detrimental effects on the birds if the iron in the crop contents is bioavailable. Aluminium concentrations ranged from 2256 mg/kg DM to 4192 mg/kg DM, though aluminium is considered non-toxic. It was concluded that the birds would not suffer from micro-mineral deficiencies, and that a risk of toxicity would depend on the bioavailability of the consumed element. ______________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Raphulu¹,

Rensburg²,

Ryssen³

2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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“…In the United States, 5-7% of dairy cows are affected by hypocalcaemia at a clinical level and an estimated 66% are affected by hypocalcaemia at a subclinical level (Sanchez 1999). The problem has been reported in other livestock as well as in dairy cows and hypocalcaemia is a problem in ewes lambing in winter and spring in south-eastern Australia (Judson and McFarlane 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that the precalving diet can affect the incidence of postcalving hypocalcaemia in dairy cows (Judson and McFarlane 1998) and ewes (Grant et al 1988). Dry dairy cows consuming feed containing an excess of cations [generally potassium (K) and sodium (Na)] over anions [generally chlorine (Cl) and sulfate (SO 4 )], described as a high dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), have a higher risk of developing postcalving hypocalcaemia than those fed a low DCAD ration .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary cation - anion differences in some pasture species, changes during the season and effects of soil acidity and lime amendment

Pelletier

Simpson

Culvenor

et al. 2008

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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Abstract.The difference between cation and anion concentrations is an important property when assessing feed for dry dairy cows in order to avoid hypocalcaemia following calving. Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) is used to assess suitability of feed and predict the risk of milk fever; a value of -5 cmol(+)/kg dry matter (DM) or less is desirable. This work has examined the DCAD of 16 field-grown species found in pasture in southern Australia. The DCAD [cmol(+)/kg DM] at the flowering stage varied from 7 to 32 for grasses, 21 to 72 for legumes and 72 to 99 for dicot weeds. The average DCAD for legumes was 50 cmol(+)/kg DM, over 2-fold higher than the 20 cmol(+)/kg DM average for grasses. There was a substantial decline in DCAD of herbage as the season progressed. In a glasshouse experiment with five grass species in an acid soil, lime application increased yield and tended to lower the DCAD. Lime decreased uptake per unit root length of potassium and chlorine and increased uptake of calcium by phalaris and timothy. While DCAD is an important attribute of herbage for assessing its suitability for prepartum diets of dairy cows, the present data indicate that it would be prudent to also consider concentrations of calcium and other mineral nutrients in herbage, particularly when examining less familiar plant species or the effects of different cultural practices on the composition of herbage for such diets.

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“…Analysis of the Se content of soil that is available to plants has been used to compile maps showing Se deficient areas (Oldfield, 1999). However, most authorities consider soil analyses and classifications to be of limited value for predicting the mineral status of animals (Suttle, 1988;Paynter, 1996;McDowell, 1997: Judson & McFarlane, 1998. According to Judson & McFarlane (1998), conditions conducive to low absorption rates by plants, and thus low pasture Se concentrations, are low soil pH, waterlogging, rainfall above 500 mm per annum and clover-domination of pastures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most authorities consider soil analyses and classifications to be of limited value for predicting the mineral status of animals (Suttle, 1988;Paynter, 1996;McDowell, 1997: Judson & McFarlane, 1998. According to Judson & McFarlane (1998), conditions conducive to low absorption rates by plants, and thus low pasture Se concentrations, are low soil pH, waterlogging, rainfall above 500 mm per annum and clover-domination of pastures. The Se concentration in vegetation has been used to identify areas where grazing animals are at risk of Se deficiency (Judson & McFarlane, 1998;Oldfield, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical distribution of the selenium status of herbivores in South Africa

Ryssen

2001

SA J. An. Sci.

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Available information on the selenium (Se) status of grazing herbivores in South Africa is reviewed and collated in the form of a geographical distribution map. Marginal to acute Se deficiencies have been reported to occur in the Midlands region and in mountainous areas of the KwaZulu-Natal province and in the southern coastal region of the Western Cape province. These areas receive a high annual rainfall and the soils are predominantly acid. The Se status of livestock in the highland sourveld areas of the Gauteng, northern Free State and Mpumalanga provinces is varied. Selenium intake appears to be adequate in most areas although localised cases of deficiencies occur. Substantial air and water pollution occurs in some of these areas, and the presence of Se antagonists could increase the incidence of Se deficiency in future. Limited data indicates that vegetation in the arid regions of South Africa provides Se sufficient to meet the requirements of grazing herbivores. Subterranean water from a number of locations contains Se at concentrations higher than the norm for safe drinking water, the impact of which has not yet been established. There are large areas of South Africa for which little or no information on the Se status of grazing animals exist, and further investigations are required.

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Mineral disorders in grazing livestock and the usefulness of soil and plant analysis in the assessment of these disorders

Cited by 57 publications

References 85 publications

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Dietary cation - anion differences in some pasture species, changes during the season and effects of soil acidity and lime amendment

Geographical distribution of the selenium status of herbivores in South Africa

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