Mineral Deficiencies: A Root Cause for Reduced Longevity in Mammals

Abstract

Metals, inorganic compounds and their elements that act as cofactors for enzymes that play an essential role in various biological processes constitute mineral nutrients. Their primary source is soil and enters the climax consumers in food chain through plants as they contain most minerals that are essential for humans. They are required in small and precise amounts according to their requirement they were classified as Major (phosphorous (P), potassium (K)), Secondary (calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S)), Minor/trace/rare (Boron (B), chlorine (Cl), chromium (Cr), fluoride(F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), sodium (Na), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn)). The daily requirement of minerals for individuals for effective biological function inside the cell is known as recommended dietary allowance (RDA) that varies for element. The daily requirement of major element is up to 10 g/d, whereas secondary and micro minerals was 400 - 1500 mg/d and 45 μg/d - 11 mg/d, respectively. Meats, vegetables, fruits, grains contains high amount of minerals that protect humans from mineral deficiencies. Some of the mineral deficiencies include ageing, cancer, hair loss etc. The key for these root problems include supplementation of healthy foods rich in minerals and understanding the importance of food by nutrition education, practice of physical activity, and about food habits. A detailed understanding of each mineral and their biological importance through mechanism of action studied in detail to overcome their deficiencies.

Flour nutritional profile, and soxhlet-extracted oil physicochemical breakdown-storage performance of white melon (Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin) seed varieties from Southeast Nigeria

“…Na (ranging from 223.92–246.99 mg/100g) and K (ranging from 211.04–178.45 mg/100g) appear to be the most abundant, while P (ranging from 1.78–1.92 mg/100g) and Mn (ranging from 1.14 to 1.64 mg / 100g) appear least abundant in the melon seed flour of this study, corroborating the data reported elsewhere [ 3 ]. The function of P is for bone mineralization and energy transfer, Ca for bone development and growth, Mg for cardiac and smooth muscle contractibility, K for contraction of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, as well as Na for nerve transmission and regulation of fluid balance [ 25 ]. Mn is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, Fe synthesizes hemoglobin and myoglobin, and Zn serves as an antioxidant defense function and synthesis of DNA/RNA [ 26 ].…”