Mineral Composition of Dry Dog Foods: Impact on Nutrition and Potential Toxicity

Pereira, Ana Margarida; Pinto, Edgar; Matos, Elisabete; Castanheira, Francisco; Baptista, Cláudia S.; Segundo, Marcela A.; Fonseca, António J.M.; Cabrita, Ana R.J.

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02552

Cited by 18 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In our study, tested foods without cereals as the main source of plant carbohydrates contained: potato (n = 7), sweet potato (n = 5), and peas (n = 5) and had less NFE (average 6.71 g/100 g DM) than foods with cereals (average 7.45 g/100 g DM). Subsequently, the mean of crude ash content of all tested dog foods (7.13 g/100 g DM) was close to the results of a study of 20 commercial dry foods for adult dogs by Pereira et al [11] (7.98 g/100 g DM).…”

Section: Basic Compositionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In a study conducted by Gagné et al [36], in four dry dog foods (9%) Ca concentrations exceeded recommended limits. Pereira et al [11] in the analyzed dry dog foods, also ascertained higher amounts of Ca than the maximum recommended levels, in both adult dog and puppy foods (values over 39% and 54% above the maximum limit, respectively). More deviations from the guidelines were found in a study of home-prepared diets for dogs, where sixty-two of the analyzed diets (83%) had Ca levels below the minimum recommended [37].…”

Section: Macroelementsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Nutritional guidelines provide minimum and, in some cases, maximum recommended Molecules 2020, 25, 5173 2 of 24 levels for the elements that are essential in a dog's diet (Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn). Their quantities in dog food should be monitored and are verified in scientific research [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], as it is important for animal heath safety [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines

2020

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The aims of the present work are to estimate the nutritional value and to evaluate and compare the levels of macroelements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg), microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), heavy metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cr, Ni), and their ratios in extruded complete foods for adult dogs, their compatibility with nutritional guidelines, as well as food profile similarity. Basic composition was determined according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Analyses for elements were performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. All the evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum recommended levels for protein and fat. Eighteen tested dog foods (60%) did not meet at least one recommendation of nutritional guidelines. Four dog foods exceeded the legal limit of Fe and five foods exceeded the legal limit of Zn; in one of them, Zn level was almost twice higher. Dog foods with insect protein exceeded the legal limit for Mn content. Eight dog foods had an inappropriate Ca:P ratio. Heavy metals were below detection limit in all analyzed dog foods. The results seem to show the need for regular feed analyses of the elemental composition in raw materials before introducing supplementation and for the monitoring of the mineral composition of finished pet food.

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Section: Basic Compositionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Macroelementsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines

2020

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“…Indeed, in a total of 162 samples of complete dry dog foods from 22 European countries, the median Zn content was 157.5 mg/kg [32]. Similarly, Kelly et al reported a median Zn content of 140 mg/kg DM in 18 dry dog foods [33], while Pereira et al obtained a much higher median, of 310 mg/kg DM, for 20 samples of dry dog food belonging to different market segments [24]. In the present study, the amount of dietary Zn supplied (5.95 to 7.15 mg/kg BW 0.75 ; Table 4) was higher than the minimum requirement (2 mg/kg BW 0.75 ) established by the NRC for adult dogs in maintenance [1].…”

Section: Food Composition and Intakementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Se, Mn, and Cu, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using an iCAP Q (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany) instrument, equipped with a MicroMist nebulizer, a Peltier cooled cyclonic spray chamber, a standard quartz torch, and Ni skimmer, and sampling cones. The methodology of analysis is further detailed by Pereira et al [24].…”

Section: Elemental Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Zinc Source and Exogenous Enzymes Supplementation on Zinc Status in Dogs Fed High Phytate Diets

Pereira

Guedes

Matos³

et al. 2020

Animals

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Zinc is an essential element, a cofactor of many enzymes, and performs catalytic, structural and regulatory functions. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, zinc can interact with food constituents. Phytic acid, the major phosphorus storage in plants, limits zinc availability from animal feeds due to the formation of insoluble complexes with phytates. This study tested the effect of supplemental zinc source (zinc sulfate and a chelate zinc proteinate) and the addition of exogenous enzymes from a solid-state fermentation product of Aspergillus niger to a high phytate diet. The study was designed according to three Latin Squares 4 × 4 with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods, four diets, and 12 young adult Beagles. Periods lasted 5 weeks each. Diets were supplemented with 75 mg/kg of zinc sulfate (IZ) or zinc proteinate (OZ), and without or with 200 mg/kg of exogenous enzymes (IZ+, OZ+). Results showed that zinc proteinate increased the bioavailability of phosphorus, yet the zinc biomarkers remained unaffected by the zinc source, with the exception of lymphocyte subsets that benefit from zinc proteinate. The use of exogenous enzymes did not affect zinc availability nor nutrient and energy digestibility.

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Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

et al. 2021

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Obtaining correct amounts of essential elements, and avoiding toxic metals are key factors in dog health. Through analyzing major and trace elements in hair and blood of 50 healthy companion dogs using ICP-MS, we study their associations with dog characteristics and diet, hypothesizing that eating the same diet long-term results in strong correlations between hair and blood element concentrations, and that dog characteristics and diet affect element status. The correlation between hair and blood was significant for Hg (R = 0.601, p = 0.000) and Pb (R = 0.384, p = 0.010). The following associations were significant (p < 0.05): Dark hair had higher Ca and Mg compared to light hair. Females had higher hair Zn, blood Mn, and blood As compared to males. Blood Mn and Se increased, while blood Pb decreased with age. Raw diet fed dogs had higher hair Zn and Se compared to dry or mixed diet fed dogs, and lower blood Mn compared to dry diet fed dogs. Dry and mixed diet fed dogs had higher blood Cd compared to raw diet fed dogs. Mixed diet fed dogs had higher hair Ca and Mg compared to raw or dry diet fed dogs, and higher hair Pb compared to dry diet fed dogs. Wild game consumption was associated with higher blood Pb, and rice consumption with higher blood As. In conclusion, hair provides an alternative for assessing Hg and Pb exposure, and major and trace elements status is affected by hair color, sex, age, and diet.

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Mineral Composition of Dry Dog Foods: Impact on Nutrition and Potential Toxicity

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines

Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines

Effect of Zinc Source and Exogenous Enzymes Supplementation on Zinc Status in Dogs Fed High Phytate Diets

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

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