“…Research supports these theoretical claims, whereby mindfulness meditation has been found to be highly effective for a variety of health outcomes in several psychiatric and medical illnesses [ 7 , 8 ]. For patients undergoing hemodialysis specifically, few studies conducted in Western and Asian countries have demonstrated that mindfulness meditation significantly improves trait mindfulness [ 12 , 13 ], stress symptoms [ 13 , 14 ], emotion regulation [ 15 ], and quality of life [ 14 ]. However, these studies suffer from using very small sample sizes (e.g., 15 to 36 participants) or/and quasi-experimental designs, limiting validity [ [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ].…”