Task switching is often considered for evaluating limitations of cognitive flexibility. Switch costs are behavioural indices of limited cognitive flexibility, and switch costs may be decomposable into stimulus-and response-related fractions, as conjectured by the domain hypothesis of cognitive flexibility. According to the domain hypothesis, there exist separable stimulus-and response-related neural networks for cognitive flexibility, which should be discernible as distinct event-related potentials (ERPs). The present card-matching study allowed isolating stimulus-and response-related switch costs, while measuring ERPs evoked by task cues and target stimuli with a focus on the target-locked N2/P3 complex. Behavioural data revealed that both stimulus-task and response-task bindings contribute to switch costs. Cue-locked ERPs yielded larger anterior negativity/posterior positivity in response to switch cues compared to repeat cues. Target-locked ERPs revealed separable ERP correlates of stimulusand response-related switch costs. P3 waveforms with fronto-central scalp distributions emerged as a corollary of stimulus-related switch costs. Fronto-centrally distributed N2 waveforms occurred when stimulus-task and response-task bindings contributed jointly to switch costs. The reported N2/P3 ERP data are commensurate with the domain hypothesis according to which there exist separable stimulusand response-related neural networks for cognitive flexibility. A better understanding of the cognitive and neural mechanisms of executive control remains a major problem for cognitive neuroscience. Executive control may be defined as maintaining behavioural goal-directedness when irrelevant information exerts a potentially interfering impact 1,2. One source of interference may stem from slowly decaying representations of previously executed cognitive tasks 3. The persistence of these representations may impose limitations on cognitive flexibility, a major facet of executive control, which refers to the ability to switch smoothly back and forth between different cognitive tasks 4,5. Cognitive flexibility is often studied in task-switching paradigms (for overview see 6-8). In task-switching paradigms, the primary index for limitations of cognitive flexibility is switch costs 7,8. Switch costs are usually reflected in increases in response times (RTs) and/or error rates for switch trials relative to repeat trials. On switch trials, the demanded cognitive task differs from previously executed tasks, whereas on repeat trials, the previously demanded task can simply be re-executed. One core finding is that switch costs are reduced when task cues and target stimuli are presented sufficiently long periods of time apart, rendering proactive task preparation possible to some degree 9. However, residual switch costs remain even when cue-target intervals are very long. The occurrence of residual switch costs has been attributed to the need for reactive reconfiguration of task sets following target onset, which is due to the incompleteness of p...