Expression analysis
in vitro
is a constantly evolving field, consolidated in the fourth quarter of the last century and essentially based on the use of a template of
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
, for a translation reaction, or of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
, in a coupled transcription–translation system. Traditional applications of expression analysis
in vitro
cover a wide range of structural and functional studies on proteins and nucleotides using methodologies like yeast one‐, two‐ and three‐hybrid systems, reporter genes, phage display, DNase footprinting, methylation interference assays and gel‐shift assays. Moreover, in the last decades
in‐vitro
expression analyses benefitted from substantial advancements, mostly associated with the use of a number of refined cell‐free protein synthesis methods and of microarrays and nanodevices. The frequency trends of related keywords in a huge database of English books published all over the world and covering a wide, recent time window provide an indirect – although highly suggestive – estimate of their relative importance in the next years.
Key Concepts:
In‐vitro
expression systems can: (1) be used for the expression of toxic, proteolytically sensitive or unstable proteins; (2) incorporate unnatural amino acids and (3) allow the addition of exogenous factors to study enzymatic activity, and of microsomal membranes to study post‐translational modifications.
Application of
in‐vitro
expression systems include: (1) site‐specific methods that utilise tRNA charged with any number of unnatural amino acids; (2) the use of putative DNA‐binding proteins such as transcription factors and (3) improving particular features of preexisting molecules like ultraspecificity, affinity and reaction rate.
The intrinsic appealing of
in‐vitro
expression analysis has been reinforced in the last decades thanks to refined cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) methods, microarrays (MA) and nanodevices (ND), whose evolution occurred at a remarkably fast pace. The data flow streaming out of the above‐mentioned techniques demands, in any case, massive statistical analyses and systematic cross‐checking of results by independent strategies.