Millimeter wave silicon micromachined waveguide probe as an aid for skin diagnosis – results of measurements on phantom material with varied water content

Dancila, Dragos; Augustine, Robin; Töpfer, Fritzi; Dudorov, Sergey; Hu, Xin; Emtestam, Lennart; Tenerz, L; Oberhammer, J.; Rydberg, Anders

doi:10.1111/srt.12093

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this first simulation a comparison was made between this model and the more complex three‐layer model comprising: a semi‐infinite layer of air, 1.44 mm layer of skin, and a semi‐infinite layer of fat. The relative complex permittivity of skin was calculated from measurement of reflection coefficients of skin [Dancila et al, ], while the relative complex permittivity of fat tissue was calculated using Gabriel model [Gabriel et al, ]. Comparison between the two models was made for skin with three different water contents, namely 50%, 75%, and 95%, and results presented over the frequency band of 30–100 GHz are in Figure .…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter‐wave emissivity as a metric for the non‐contact diagnosis of human skin conditions

Owda

Salmon

Harmer

et al. 2017

Bioelectromagnetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A half‐space electromagnetic model of human skin over the band 30–300 GHz was constructed and used to model radiometric emissivity. The model showed that the radiometric emissivity rose from 0.4 to 0.8 over this band, with emission being localized to a layer approximately one millimeter deep in the skin. Simulations of skin with differing water contents associated with psoriasis, eczema, malignancy, and thermal burn wounds indicated radiometry could be used as a non‐contact technique to detect and monitor these conditions. The skin emissivity of a sample of 30 healthy volunteers, measured using a 95 GHz radiometer, was found to range from 0.2 to 0.7, and the experimental measurement uncertainty was ±0.002. Men on average were found to have an emissivity 0.046 higher than those of women, a measurement consistent with men having thicker skin than women. The regions of outer wrist and dorsal forearm, where skin is thicker, had emissivities 0.06–0.08 higher than the inner wrist and volar forearms where skin is generally thinner. Recommendations are made to develop a more sophisticated model of the skin and to collect larger data sets to obtain a deeper understanding of the signatures of human skin in the millimeter wave band. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:559–569, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

show abstract

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter‐wave emissivity as a metric for the non‐contact diagnosis of human skin conditions

Owda

Salmon

Harmer

et al. 2017

Bioelectromagnetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Using a small monopol antenna, e.g., an extended inner connector of a coaxial probe, to achieve a higher probe resolution than the waveguide cross section has been suggested for measurements on tissue [28], [29], but the distance of the sharp probe tip to the tissue under test has a large influence on the measurement and might be hard to control in in-vivo measurements. Probes that use a small apertures to confine the electromagnetic fields [30], [31] have an energy transfer to the tissue that is inversely proportional to the aperture size, and therefore a compromise between resolution and sensitivity has to be made depending on the intended application area. Probes based on miniaturized open-ended transmission lines, e.g., tapered coaxial probes or tapered planar transmission lines, have been presented for high-resolution measurements on tissue [32]- [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, a probe is only useful if its characteristics such as resolution, sensing depth, sensitivity, and measurement range are adapted to the targeted application. However, only the minitaturized probes in [29] and [31] were designed for skin cancer diagnosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave Near-Field Probe Designed for High-Resolution Skin Cancer Diagnosis

Töpfer

Dudorov

Oberhammer

2015

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents a detailed technical characterization of a micromachined millimeter-wave near-field probe developed for skin cancer diagnosis. The broadband probe is optimized for frequencies from 90 to 104 GHz and consists of a dielectric-rod waveguide, which is metallized and tapered towards the tip to achieve high resolution by concentrating the electric field in a small sample area. Several probes with different tip sizes were fabricated from high-resistivity silicon by micromachining and were successfully characterized using silicon test samples with geometry-defined tailor-made permittivity. The probes show a high responsivity for samples with permittivities in the range of healthy and cancerous skin tissue at 100 GHz (from to , loss tangent of approximately 1.26). The sensing depth was determined by simulations and measurements from 0.3 to 0.4 mm, which is adapted for detecting early-stage skin tumors before they metastasize. The lateral resolution was determined to 0.2 mm for a tip size of 0.6 0.3 mm, which allows for resolving small skin tumors and inhomogeneities within a tumor.

show abstract

“…Gabriel's extrapolated results have been experimentally verified at higher frequencies including 28 GHz [26]. Chahat et al created skin material at 60 GHz [27] and the similar material was shown to work also at lower frequencies [28]. This skin phantom material consists of deionized water, agar, polyethylene-powder and TX-151.…”

Section: B Physical Phantommentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Evaluation of a 28 GHz Antenna Array on a 5G Mobile Phone Using a Body Phantom

Vähä-Savo

Cziezerski

Heino

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Millimeter wave silicon micromachined waveguide probe as an aid for skin diagnosis – results of measurements on phantom material with varied water content

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Millimeter‐wave emissivity as a metric for the non‐contact diagnosis of human skin conditions

Millimeter‐wave emissivity as a metric for the non‐contact diagnosis of human skin conditions

Millimeter-Wave Near-Field Probe Designed for High-Resolution Skin Cancer Diagnosis

Empirical Evaluation of a 28 GHz Antenna Array on a 5G Mobile Phone Using a Body Phantom

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About