“…In recent years, there have been a number of studies focusing on the electromagnetic properties of various mat erial particles, including dust [12], fog [13], sand [14], and forest fire smoke [1]. Different methods are employed to test the complex permittivity of materials, including the reso nance method [15,16], the Nicholson-Ross-Weir method [17,18], the free space method [19,20], and the time domain measurement method [21,22].…”