Millimeter Wave Propagation in Long Corridors and Tunnels—Theoretical Model and Experimental Verification

Rapaport, Liat; Pinhasi, Gad A.; Pinhasi, Y.

doi:10.3390/electronics9050707

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…The propagation depends on different parameters such as: Construction materials, antenna polarization, transmitter and receiver location in the cross-sectional area, the separation between the transmitter and receiver, and so on. It is described using (1): [22,23] Hnorm (j f ) = Ẽr (Tunnel)…”

Section: The Delay Spread Theory In Tunnels and Long Corridorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reflection coefficient, Γ, is calculated using Fresnel's equations. Since one reflection coefficient will be transverse electric (TE) and the other transverse magnetic (TM) depending on the polarization of the antenna [23,24], they were marked Γ |m| α and Γ |n| β . m represents the number of reflections in the horizontal dimension, and n is the same but in the vertical dimension.…”

Section: The Delay Spread Theory In Tunnels and Long Corridorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of relevant rays depends very much on the parameters of the communication (wavelength, tunnel size, distance). In an earlier study we conducted [23], we examined the error as a function of the number of rays. We have seen that there is certainly some improvement with the results compared to the experiment as more rays are considered.…”

Section: The Delay Spread Theory In Tunnels and Long Corridorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution Delay Spread of Wide-Band Wireless Link in Long Tunnels—Theory and Experimental Verification

et al. 2022

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The need for wireless communication appears everywhere, and with as few interruptions as possible. An extensive and in-depth study has been conducted on the limitations of wireless communication in pedestrian tunnels. Using an analytical mathematical ray tracing model, and performing tunnel measurements, with an autonomous measuring setup, the model was validated. An extraordinary wide band was used for the experiments, which also featured optical systems to ensure accurate results. Since the tunnel is narrow, the differences between the different paths are small, and in order to distinguish them a resolution of 0.2 ns was used. The RMS delay spread, στ, decreases throughout the tunnel, and at no point exceeds 1 ns.

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Section: The Delay Spread Theory In Tunnels and Long Corridorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Delay Spread Theory In Tunnels and Long Corridorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Delay Spread Theory In Tunnels and Long Corridorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution Delay Spread of Wide-Band Wireless Link in Long Tunnels—Theory and Experimental Verification

et al. 2022

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“…Theoretical and experimental studies [20][21][22][23] relate to power losses, phase dispersion, and temporal delay spread. In these studies, experimental tests were performed using full-scale tunnels and a scaled model with corresponding conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaled Model for Studying the Propagation of Radio Waves Diffracted from Tunnels

Glikstein,

Pinhasi,

Pinhasi

2024

Electronics

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One of the major challenges in designing a wireless indoor–outdoor communication network operating in tunnels and long corridors is to identify the optimal location of the outside station for attaining a proper coverage. It is required to formulate a combined model, describing the propagation along the tunnel and the resulting diffracted outdoor pattern from its exit. An integrated model enables estimations of the radiation patterns at the rectangular tunnel exit, as well as in the free space outside of the tunnel. The tunnel propagation model is based on a ray-tracing image model, while the free-space diffraction model is based on applying the far-field Fraunhofer diffraction equation. The model predictions of sensing the radiation intensity at the tunnel end and at a plane located at a distance ahead were compared with experimental data obtained using a down-scaled tunnel model and shorter radiation wavelength correspondingly. This down-scaling enabled detailed measurements of the radiation patterns at the tunnel exit and at the far field. The experimental measurements for the scaled tunnel case fit the theoretical model predictions. The presented model accurately described the multi-path effects emerging from inside the tunnel and the resulting outdoor diffracted pattern at a distance from the tunnel exit.

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“…Consequently, a realistic understanding of wireless propagation channels in a tunnel environment is essential. To date, several studies on communication channels have been conducted in various tunnels [6][7][8]. In contrast to open-air propagation, tunnel propagation includes electromagnetic waves in an enclosed environment [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Modeling of Propagation in Tunnel at 3.7 and 28 GHz

Samad¹,

Choi²

2022

Computers, Materials &Amp; Continua

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In present-day society, train tunnels are extensively used as a means of transportation. Therefore, to ensure safety, streamlined train operations, and uninterrupted internet access inside train tunnels, reliable wave propagation modeling is required. We have experimented and measured wave propagation models in a 1674 m long straight train tunnel in South Korea. The measured path loss and the received signal strength were modeled with the Close-In (CI), Floating intercept (FI), CI model with a frequency-weighted path loss exponent (CIF), and alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) models, where the model parameters were determined using minimum mean square error (MMSE) methods. The measured and the CI, FI, CIF, and ABG modelderived path loss was plotted in graphs, and the model closest to the measured path loss was identified through investigation. Based on the measured results, it was observed that every model had a comparatively lower (n < 2) path loss exponent (PLE) inside the tunnel. We also determined the path loss component's possible deviation (shadow factor) through a Gaussian distribution considering zero mean and standard deviation calculations of random error variables. The FI model outperformed all the examined models as it yielded a path loss closer to the measured datasets, as well as a minimum standard deviation of the shadow factor.

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Millimeter Wave Propagation in Long Corridors and Tunnels—Theoretical Model and Experimental Verification

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

High-Resolution Delay Spread of Wide-Band Wireless Link in Long Tunnels—Theory and Experimental Verification

High-Resolution Delay Spread of Wide-Band Wireless Link in Long Tunnels—Theory and Experimental Verification

Scaled Model for Studying the Propagation of Radio Waves Diffracted from Tunnels

Analysis and Modeling of Propagation in Tunnel at 3.7 and 28 GHz

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