Milk Small Extracellular Vesicles-derived miRNAs Restrict Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infectivity

Abstract

BackgroundVirus-caused diseases are a huge challenge to both animals and human beings, especially coronaviruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus, causes acute diarrhea and up to 100% mortality in piglets less than three weeks of age. Maternal immunity provides protection for piglets in resisting PEDV infection. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) contain bioactive molecules such as miRNAs to exchange genetic and epigenetic information between cells. Our previous study suggested that milk sEV facilitated intestinal tract development and prevented LPS-induced intestine damage. However, the effects of milk sEV on the inhibition of viral infections remain unclear. ResultsIn this study, through in vivo experiments, we found that porcine milk sEV protected piglets from PEDV-induced diarrhea and death. In vitro, we clarified that this protective effect was partly generated through the inhibition of the PEDV-N protein and HMGB1 by sEV miR-let-7e and miR-27b, respectively. ConclusionsIn conclusion, we report that porcine milk sEVs protected piglets from PEDV-induced diarrhea and death by inhibiting virus replication, and this protective effect was partly generated through the inhibition of the PEDV-N and HMGB1 pathways by exosomal miR-let-7e and miR-27b. This study reveals a new antiviral function of milk sEVs, and the results suggest that milk sEVs may act as a mother-offspring transmission pathway for protecting newborns against PEDV infection.