Milk protein concentrations in the mammary secretions of non-lactating women

Yap, P. L.; Miller, William R.; Humeniuk, V.; Pryde, Elizabeth A; Mirtle, C. L.; McClelland, D. B. L.

doi:10.1016/0165-0378(81)90028-0

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The immunologic aspects of these studies have focused largely on evaluation of the total content of sIgA and specific antibody activity. As described previously, the mammary secretions of the nonlactating breast contain sIgA, although the amount seems to be much lower than in the lactating breast [285]. Mammary secretions of patients with galactorrhea seem to contain sIgA in concentrations similar to those of normal postpartum colostrum [286].…”

Section: Milk and Altered Pregnancysupporting

confidence: 53%

Human Milk

Wilson¹,

Ogra²

2011

Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn

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Section: Milk and Altered Pregnancysupporting

confidence: 53%

Human Milk

Wilson¹,

Ogra²

2011

Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn

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“…The mean volume of fluid available is usually 30/xl (ranging from 10 to 60/xl) and requires microchemical methods for analysis. Chemical substances that have been studied include serum proteins (including immunoglobulins) (23,24), lipids (25), in studies of breast fluid from seven controls and eight patients of unspecified diagnosis, found IgA and IgG present in breast fluids from all subjects. These investigators confirmed that IgA is present in breast fluid and found that it is ll-s IgA by means of gel filtration, and they also detected lactoferrin in five of ten breast fluids studied.…”

Section: Some Biochemical Constituents Of Breast Fluidmentioning

confidence: 98%

Physiologic, biochemical, and cytologic aspects of nipple aspirate fluid

Petrakis

1986

Breast Cancer Res Tr

101

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“…Petrakis demonstrated that fluids are secreted by the apocrine glands not only in the lactating but also in the non-lactating breast [Petrakis, 1986]. Secretions in the non-lactating breast have been inferred from the identification of lactoferrin, in concentrations similar to those found in colostrum and breast milk [Yap et al, 1981], and of lactose, alpha-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, cholesterol, fatty acids, colostral cells, and breast epithelial cells. The secreted fluid is thought to be recycled through a continuous absorptive mechanism that makes the breast fluids seep through the ductal cells to the lymphatic vessels and the blood capillaries.…”

Section: Breast Parenchymamentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in women: A hypothesis

Labrèche

Goldberg

1997

Am. J. Ind. Med.

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Incidence rates for breast cancer have increased steadily over the last 25 years, particularly among postmenopausal women. Secular changes in accepted and suspected risk factors can explain only a part of this increase. Given the increasing number of women in the workforce, it is possible that increases in breast cancer incidence may be caused by occupational exposure to hazardous agents. In particular, we hypothesize that organic solvents act directly as genotoxic agents or indirectly through their metabolites. Most organic solvents are highly lipophilic and are readily absorbed and distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. Organic solvents are biotransformed mostly in the liver and the kidneys through a series of oxidative and reductive reactions, some of them resulting in bioactivation. There are indications of P‐450 enzymatic oxidative activity in the breast parenchyma, but there appears to be limited detoxification of highly reactive metabolites. The physiology of the breast may also accentuate the accumulation of chemicals: breast parenchyma is embedded in a fat depot capable of storing lipophilic xenobiotics; it is conceivable that organic solvents and their metabolites, once stored in fat tissues, migrate to the breast parenchyma and are then transferred to the mammary lobules through continuous apocrine secretions. These secretions may reside in the ductular system long enough for the solvents and their bioactivated metabolites to locally exert detrimental effects. The evidence supporting this hypothesis is that many organic solvents have been detected in breast milk, the majority of carcinomas occur in the ductular system, and some organic solvents have been shown to produce mammary gland cancer in experiments on rodents. Further toxicological and epidemiologic studies are required to test this hypothesis, to elucidate the mechanisms, and to identify specific carcinogenic organic solvents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:1114, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Milk protein concentrations in the mammary secretions of non-lactating women

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Human Milk

Human Milk

Physiologic, biochemical, and cytologic aspects of nipple aspirate fluid

Exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in women: A hypothesis

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