Milk outbreaks of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia, 2012-2016

Dorko, Erik; Hockicko, Ján; Rimárová, Kvetoslava; Bušová, Andrea; Popaďák, Peter; Popaďáková, Jana; Schréter, Ivan

doi:10.21101/cejph.a5272

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Finally, it is important to mention possible direct transmission of some TBPs from infected animals to humans by contaminated animal product. The best-known example in Europe is transmission of TBEV from small ruminants to humans by unpasteurized milk, leading to a massive outbreak in Rožňava (Slovakia) in 1951 that resulted in the infection of an estimated 660 persons [101]. Direct transmission between infected animals and humans has also been proven for other TBPs such as Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus [102].…”

Section: Tick Host Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management Options for Ixodes ricinus-Associated Pathogens: A Review of Prevention Strategies

Černý

Lynn

Hrnková

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Ticks are important human and animal parasites and vectors of many infectious disease agents. Control of tick activity is an effective tool to reduce the risk of contracting tick-transmitted diseases. The castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) is the most common tick species in Europe. It is also a vector of the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis, which are two of the most important arthropod-borne diseases in Europe. In recent years, increases in tick activity and incidence of tick-borne diseases have been observed in many European countries. These increases are linked to many ecological and anthropogenic factors such as landscape management, climate change, animal migration, and increased popularity of outdoor activities or changes in land usage. Tick activity is driven by many biotic and abiotic factors, some of which can be effectively managed to decrease risk of tick bites. In the USA, recommendations for landscape management, tick host control, and tick chemical control are well-defined for the applied purpose of reducing tick presence on private property. In Europe, where fewer studies have assessed tick management strategies, the similarity in ecological factors influencing vector presence suggests that approaches that work in USA may also be applicable. In this article we review key factors driving the tick exposure risk in Europe to select those most conducive to management for decreased tick-associated risk.

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Section: Tick Host Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management Options for Ixodes ricinus-Associated Pathogens: A Review of Prevention Strategies

Černý

Lynn

Hrnková

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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show abstract

“…TBEV is usually transmitted to humans from infected ticks, mainly of the Ixodes family, but may occasionally be acquired by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products from infected livestock [7][8][9]. Upon inoculation into the human skin, initial infection and replication occur in local dendritic cells (DCs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection

Fares

Cochet-Bernoin

Gonzalez

et al. 2020

J Neuroinflammation

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Background: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes several important human pathogens. It is responsible for neurological symptoms that may cause permanent disability or death, and, from a medical point of view, is the major arbovirus in Central/Northern Europe and North-Eastern Asia. TBEV tropism is critical for neuropathogenesis, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the susceptibility of human brain cells to the virus. In this study, we sought to establish and characterize a new in vitro model of TBEV infection in the human brain and to decipher cell type-specific innate immunity and its relation to TBEV tropism and neuropathogenesis.Method: Human neuronal/glial cells were differentiated from neural progenitor cells and infected with the TBEV-Hypr strain. Kinetics of infection, cellular tropism, and cellular responses, including innate immune responses, were characterized by measuring viral genome and viral titer, performing immunofluorescence, enumerating the different cellular types, and determining their rate of infection and by performing PCR array and qRT-PCR. The specific response of neurons and astrocytes was analyzed using the same approaches after enrichment of the neuronal/glial cultures for each cellular subtype. Results: We showed that infection of human neuronal/glial cells mimicked three major hallmarks of TBEV infection in the human brain, namely, preferential neuronal tropism, neuronal death, and astrogliosis. We further showed that these cells conserved their capacity to mount an antiviral response against TBEV. TBEV-infected neuronal/glial cells, therefore, represented a highly relevant pathological model. By enriching the cultures for either neurons or astrocytes, we further demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differential innate immune responses in the two cell types that correlated with their particular susceptibility to TBEV. Conclusion:Our results thus reveal that cell type-specific innate immunity is likely to contribute to shaping TBEV tropism for human brain cells. They describe a new in vitro model for in-depth study of TBEV-induced neuropathogenesis and improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which neurotropic viruses target and damage human brain cells.

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“…TBEV is usually transmitted to humans from infected ticks, mainly of the Ixodes family, but may occasionally be acquired by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products from infected livestock (7–9). Upon inoculation into the human skin, initial infection and replication occurs in local dendritic cells (DCs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection

Fares

Cochet-Bernoin

Gonzalez

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes several important human pathogens. It is responsible for neurological symptoms that may cause permanent disability or death, and, from a medical point of view, is the major arbovirus in Central/Northern Europe and North-eastern Asia. TBEV tropism is critical for neuropathogenesis, yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the susceptibility of human brain cells to the virus. In this study, we sought to establish and characterize a new in vitro model of TBEV infection in the human brain and to decipher cell type-specific innate immunity and its relation to TBEV tropism and neuropathogenesis. We showed that infection of neuronal/glial cultures derived from human fetal neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) mimicked three major hallmarks of TBEV infection in the human brain, namely, preferential neuronal tropism, neuronal death and astrogliosis. We also showed that these cells had conserved their capacity to build an antiviral response against TBEV. TBEV-infected neuronal/glial cells, therefore, represented a highly relevant pathological model. By enriching the cultures in either human neurons or astrocytes, we further demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differential innate immune responses in the two cell types that correlated with their particular susceptibility to TBEV. Our results thus reveal that cell type-specific innate immunity is likely to contribute to shaping TBEV tropism for human brain cells. They offer a new in vitro model to further study TBEV-induced neuropathogenesis and improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which neurotropic viruses target and damage human brain cells.Author summaryTick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a neurotropic Flavivirus that is responsible for encephalitis in humans, is of growing concern in Europe. Indeed, over the last two decades the number of reported cases has continuously increased and the virus has spread into new geographical areas. Whereas it is well established that neurons are the main target of TBEV in the human brain, the mechanisms that underlie this preferential tropism have not yet been elucidated. Here, we used neuronal/glial cells derived from human fetal neural progenitors to establish and characterize a new in vitro pathological model that mimics major hallmarks of TBEV infection in vivo; namely, neuronal tropism, neuronal death and astrogliosis. Using this highly relevant model, we showed that human neurons and astrocytes were both capable of developing an innate immune response against TBEV, but with dissimilar magnitudes that correlated with differential susceptibility to TBEV. Our results thus revealed that TBEV tropism for subsets of human brain cells is likely to depend on cell-type specific innate immunity. This improves our understanding of the mechanisms by which neurotropic viruses target and damage human brain cells and may help guide development of future therapies.

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Milk outbreaks of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia, 2012-2016

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Management Options for Ixodes ricinus-Associated Pathogens: A Review of Prevention Strategies

Management Options for Ixodes ricinus-Associated Pathogens: A Review of Prevention Strategies

Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection

Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection

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