Milk and the Newborn Animal

Widdowson, E.M.

doi:10.1079/pns19840031

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…This seems logical when considering the importance of salivary lipase in dietary fat digestion during this period (Ternouth et al, 1974;Edwards-Webb & Thompson, 1978;Widdowson, 1984). Nevertheless, and in accordance with the findings from Sauvant (1971) in the calf, the salivary lipase levels decrease quickly down to a minimum just during the fourth week of life.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Effect of Age on the Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion of the Preruminant Milk-fed Goat

Naranjo‐Páramo

Martínez-Victoria

Valverde

et al. 1997

Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Effect of Age on the Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion of the Preruminant Milk-fed Goat

Naranjo‐Páramo

Martínez-Victoria

Valverde

et al. 1997

Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry

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“…Secondly, although milk protein concentrations decrease, digestion of protein increases (Baintner, 1973;Carlsson, Bergelin & Karlsson, 1974;Roy & Stobo, 1975;Campbell, Siegel & Knowlton, 1977;Corring, Aumatire & Durand, 1978). Thirdly, the neonatal gut grows rapidly, which increases its absorptive capacity and helps accommodate larger volume intakes of milk (Widdowson, 1984). Fourthly, the thermoregulatory ability of lambs improves so that lower rates of heat production are more common (Alexander, 1962a).…”

Section: Colostrum Intake and Energy Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, it would be necessary to prevent or restrict feeding in piglets and lambs in order to mimic the low colostrum intake (Table 5) and zero growth (Gentz et al 1976;Davies, 1981) of infants. New-born piglets and lambs feeding normally grow by 40-120 g/kg birth weight during the first day and there is no growth in the absence of feed Mellor & Murray, 1982 and unpublished data;Widdowson, 1984). Thirdly, although intrauterine growth retardation affects organ growth to a similar extent in the three species (Robinson, Kingston, Jones & Thorburn, 1979;Flecknell, Wootton, John & Royston, 1981 c), the marked reductions in lipid availability in g.r.…”

Section: Animal Models Of the Infant S Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Energy Metabolism in the New‐born Infant, Piglet and Lamb

1986

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Characteristics of energy metabolism in the new‐born infant, piglet and lamb have been compared quantitatively in order to assess how the constraints imposed by the availabilities of energy substrates in body reserves and colostrum differ between species and affect the new‐born's well being during the first day after birth. Three air temperature ranges, described as thermoneutral (32‐38 °C), moderate (18‐26 °C) and cold (0‐10 °C) and representing the usual birth environments of infants, piglets and lambs, respectively, have been considered. The analysis revealed the following noteworthy points. Carbohydrate and lipid are the major energy substrates for heat production because protein catabolism is minimal during the first day after birth in all three species. The availability of carbohydrate determines how long the new‐born can avoid hypoglycaemia, which threatens well being because it leads to hypothermia or compromised cerebral function, but lipid availability can affect the periods for which the carbohydrate can last. Thus, in unfed piglets and lambs the available reserves of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen (g/kg body weight) are similar in normal (n.) and growth retarded (g.r.) individuals, but glycogen exhaustion occurs earlier in g.r. new‐borns because a reduced lipid availability in them increases their dependence on carbohydrate. In contrast, lipid energy is plentiful in g.r., preterm (p.) and n. infants, so that the faster depletion of glycogen in g.r./p. than in n. individuals is primarily due to a restricted prenatal glycogen deposition in the former. The usual colostrum intakes of n. infants are very low during the first day, but their body reserves can supply the required energy, the major source of carbohydrate being liver glycogen. However, g.r./p. infants require supplementary feeding, the choice of feed being determined by factors such as the intakes the infants can achieve, the carbohydrate content of the feed and the need to ensure a balanced supply of minerals, electrolytes and other substances. In their usual birth environments piglets and lambs, whether growth retarded or not, require colostrum to avoid hypothermia during the first day. The colostrum of both species is rich in lipid, which corrects any deficit in the new‐born and thus extends the availability of glycogen, but at the usual colostrum intakes the amounts of lactose can provide sufficient carbohydrate energy for only about half a day. Piglets and lambs, even when fed fully, are therefore obliged to call on their body glycogen reserves in order to make up the difference. After the first day in all three species milk must rapidly become the only source of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. It is suggested that despite differences between them, the piglet or lamb could prove to be useful animal models of the infant's metabolism, but only if the experimental conditions are chosen carefully.

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“…Concentrations are particularly high in colostrum. It has been speculated that growth factors in colostrum may play a role in GI growth and adaptation in the neonatal period [6,21,22], The objec tive of the present study was to examine whether oral IGF-I or IGF-II could stimulate the growth of the GI tract in newborn piglets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Oral IGF-I or IGF-II on Digestive Organ Growth in Newborn Piglets

Mellor

Birtles

et al. 1994

Neonatology

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To study whether colostrum-borne growth factors are responsible for the rapid GI tissue growth in naturally suckled newborn animals, newborn unsuckled piglets were bottle-fed for 24 h with infant milk formula with or without addition of 2 μg/ml of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), a level which approximated that of porcine colostrum. The animals were then sacrificed for measurements of their digestive organ weights and contents of protein, RNA and DNA in the organs. The treatment with IGF-I or IGF-II failed to show any significant effect on the weight of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, mandibular glands, kidneys and the spleen, and had no effects on the contents of protein, RNA and DNA in the small intestinal mucosa, the liver and the spleen. However, piglets fed with infant formula containing IGF-I (n = 7) or IGF-II (n = 7) had a heavier pancreas (p < 0.05) compared to formula-fed controls (n = 7). The DNA content in the stomach and the pancreas were greater in animals treated with IGF-I or IGF-II than in controls. Using a cell labelling technique it was shown that both IGF-I and IGF-II stimulated cell proliferation in the small intestinal crypts. The results indicate that the substantial GI tissue growth reported in newborn animals is unlikely due to colostrum-borne IGF-I or IGF-II alone. On the other hand the study does suggest that oral IGF-I and IGF-II are capable of stimulating cell proliferation in the GI tract.

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Milk and the Newborn Animal

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of Age on the Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion of the Preruminant Milk-fed Goat

Effect of Age on the Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion of the Preruminant Milk-fed Goat

A Comparison of Energy Metabolism in the New‐born Infant, Piglet and Lamb

Effects of Oral IGF-I or IGF-II on Digestive Organ Growth in Newborn Piglets

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