Military service and crime: new evidence

Snowden, David L.; Oh, Sehun; Salas-Wright, Christopher P.; Vaughn, Michael G.; King, Erika L.

doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1342-8

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…The substance use mechanisms accounted for a substantial proportion (approximately 70%) of the mediating effect. As such, these results support the study hypotheses and previous research regarding the salience of alcohol and drug use difficulties that occur in this population (Snowden et al, 2017). Furthermore, moral injury also provided an important mediating effect, suggesting that additional research on this construct as well as clinical attention could be fruitful.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Homelessness and Contact with the Criminal Legal System among U.S. Combat Veterans: An Exploration of Potential Mediating Factors

Orak

Kelton

Vaughn

et al. 2022

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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A notable proportion of criminal legal system (CLS)-involved combat veterans have a history of homelessness. However, knowledge regarding the relationship between homelessness and CLS involvement among combat veterans is largely based on descriptive studies, and potential mechanisms linking homelessness to CLS involvement are largely unknown. Using data from the 2019-2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study ( n = 1,353), this study examined the association between homelessness and contact with CLS among U.S. combat veterans and evaluated the mediating roles of shared risk factors. Findings revealed that a large proportion (53.6%) of the association between homelessness and CLS involvement was accounted for by indirect associations, most notably via drug use disorder (22.1%), moral injury (11.4%), and alcohol use disorder (10.7%). These findings highlight modifiable mechanisms that may link homelessness to CLS involvement, which may help inform targeted prevention efforts to mitigate the risk for CLS involvement among combat veterans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Homelessness and Contact with the Criminal Legal System among U.S. Combat Veterans: An Exploration of Potential Mediating Factors

Orak

Kelton

Vaughn

et al. 2022

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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“…Finally, the study findings may be considered generalizable given the rigorous design of the NESARC-III and the comparability to previous studies, for example, 10.6% prevalence of incarceration in this study was similar to 11.8% found in another study (Greenberg & Rosenheck, 2014). We could find no previous epidemiological study of lifetime incarceration among veterans, but our 15% prevalence rate was expectedly lower than a previous study that broadly examined any criminal justice involvement among veterans reporting a rate of 31.1% (Snowden et al, 2017).…”

Section: Study Limitationssupporting

confidence: 78%

Disentangling associations between military service, race, and incarceration in the U.S. population.

Tsai¹,

Edwards²,

Cao³

et al. 2022

Psychological Services

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The current study examined (a) how veteran status, race, and other individual characteristics are associated with any lifetime incarceration in the U.S. adult population; and (b) differences between veterans and other adults with any incarceration histories on sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial characteristics. Data from structured interviews conducted in 2012-2013 on a nationally representative sample of 36,121 U.S. adults were analyzed. Results showed that male gender, U.S. born, history of homelessness, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, and various substance use disorders were independently associated with any lifetime incarceration (all adjusted odds ratios [AORs] ≥ 1.5). Veteran status was not significantly associated with any lifetime incarceration (AOR = 1.12). Among adults with any lifetime incarceration, veterans were more likely to be male than nonveterans (AOR = 5.90), but were otherwise similar in sociodemographic background, physical and mental health, and psychosocial characteristics. Being black was moderately associated with lifetime incarceration among both veterans and nonveterans (AOR = 1.54 and 1.50, respectively) with no significant veteran × race interaction. Collectively, these findings suggest veterans and nonveterans are similarly represented among Americans with any lifetime incarceration and share similar factors associated with incarceration. Although prevalence of incarceration did vary by race, psychosocial and substance abuse factors emerged as the major factors associated with incarceration, highlighting the importance of behavioral health and social services for at-risk adults across military and civilian settings. Impact StatementEfforts to address criminal justice involvement among U.S. veterans would benefit from rigorous research about race and sociodemographic correlates of veteran incarceration given the muddled literature. Results suggest veterans and nonveterans face similar factors associated with incarceration and those with incarceration histories have long-standing behavioral health and social service needs.

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“…Nationally representative surveys in the US found that almost one-third of veteran respondents (31.1%) had ever been arrested and booked, a rate significantly higher than among civilians (18.0%). 7 Another study found that although military service during wartime was inversely related to subsequent incarceration, veterans of the post-1973 All Volunteer Force were more likely to be incarcerated than civilians and veterans who served during the draft era. 1 Among veterans in treatment for substance use or mental health problems, a history of criminal justice involvement is the norm rather than the exception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Criminal and Legal Involvement After Substance Use and Mental Health Treatment Among Veterans: Building Toward Needed Research

et al. 2020

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Evidence indicates that substance use and mental health treatment is often associated with reduced criminal activity. The present systematic review examined this association among military veterans, and aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of needed research to further contribute to reduced criminal activity among veterans. This systematic review was derived from a scoping review that mapped existing research on justice-involved veterans’ health. For the current systematic review, a subset of 20 publications was selected that addressed the question of whether criminal activity declines among veterans treated for substance use and mental health disorders. Generally, veterans improved on criminal outcomes from pre- to post-treatment for opioid use, other substance use, or mental health conditions, and more sustained treatment was associated with better outcomes. This occurred despite high rates of criminal involvement among veterans prior to entering treatment. Needed are substance use and mental health treatment studies that include women justice-involved veterans, follow criminally-active veterans for longer periods of time, and use validated and reliable measures of criminal activity with fully transparent statistical procedures. Future randomized trials should evaluate new treatments against evidence-based treatments (versus no-treatment control conditions). Subsequent studies should examine how to link veterans to effective treatments, facilitate sustained treatment engagement, and ensure the availability of effective treatments, and examine mechanisms (mediators and moderators) that explain the association of treatment with reduced criminal activity among veterans. Best practices are needed for reducing criminal activity among the minority of justice-involved veterans who do not have diagnosed substance use and/or mental health disorders.

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Military service and crime: new evidence

Abstract: Background

Cited by 27 publications

References 32 publications

Homelessness and Contact with the Criminal Legal System among U.S. Combat Veterans: An Exploration of Potential Mediating Factors

Homelessness and Contact with the Criminal Legal System among U.S. Combat Veterans: An Exploration of Potential Mediating Factors

Disentangling associations between military service, race, and incarceration in the U.S. population.

Systematic Review of Criminal and Legal Involvement After Substance Use and Mental Health Treatment Among Veterans: Building Toward Needed Research

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