Military Importance of Natural Toxins and Their Analogs

Pitschmann, Vladimír; Hon, Zdeněk

doi:10.3390/molecules21050556

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…19,30,114,118 Regarding the deterrent substance, it is important to emphasize that only law enforcement agencies, police and military forces can use devices produced with high purity capsaicin or pungent substances produced synthetically. 1,23,119 For other purposes, as the use against civilians and wild animals, the formulation of NLWs is based on the usage of oleoresin from natural products ( Table 5).…”

Section: Formulations and Toxicity Of Defensive Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives and Applications of Natural Products as Civilian Defense Devices

Antonio¹,

Fonseca²,

Mendes³

et al. 2019

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Civilian defense devices are physical and chemical artefacts used to incapacitate an aggressor without causing death or injury. As city violence increases, safety feelings became worst and a growing commercial demand for these materials supply faces technologically challenges not only to riot control but also to self-protection. Controversies on the use of these devices have been discussed, especially on their toxicity when synthetic chemical agents are used. Natural metabolites are a less explored alternative to meet this demand. They have the capacity to generate a temporary disabling effect due to their pungency. Those metabolites, which include capsaicinoids, gingerols and piperine, can be used as deterrent agents in civilian defense devices due to their low toxicity to humans. Although they are a viable alternative, there are few studies focused on their quality control, efficiency and toxicity. This review aimed to present relevant aspects about the development and use of natural products as deterrent agents in self-defense devices against aggressors and animals, and as non-lethal weapons for riot control in order to help the scientific development of this type of bioproduct. was a member of the CAPES and Brazilian pharmacopoeia committees and has published 143 articles in specialized magazines, 13 patents and 38 book chapters, with 50 thesis and dissertations supervised.

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Section: Formulations and Toxicity Of Defensive Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives and Applications of Natural Products as Civilian Defense Devices

Antonio¹,

Fonseca²,

Mendes³

et al. 2019

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Thus, the nasal route is not only an entry port into the general circulation, it is also a direct route to the CNS. 26,27 Although aerosol dissemination of some microorganisms, toxins, and bioregulators is limited because of their instability when released into the environment, 14 advances in microencapsulation techniques for aerosol delivery of drugs 28,29 show great promise for stabilizing labile toxins or other agents and agent vectors for more effective aerosol dissemination.…”

Section: Nanotechnology and Targeted Delivery Of Biochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Toxins are ''extremely poisonous products of the metabolism (independently of their nature) of living organisms.'' 14 Toxins have long been considered as agents that fall well within the scope of both the CWC and the BTWC. Several toxins exercise their effects on the nervous system, such as anatoxin A, botulinum toxin, and saxitoxin.…”

Section: Toxins and Bioregulators As Relevant Biochemical Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-use nano-neurotechnology

et al. 2018

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The chemical and biological nonproliferation regime stands at a watershed moment, when failure seems a real possibility. After the unsuccessful outcome of the 2016 Eighth Review Conference, the future of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention is uncertain. As the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) approaches its Fourth Review Conference in 2018, it has almost completed removing the huge stocks of chemical weapons, but it now faces the difficult organizational task of moving its focus to preventing the reemergence of chemical weapons at a time when the international security situation appears to be increasingly more difficult and dangerous. In this article, we assess the current and near-term state (5–10 years) and impact of three related areas of science and technology that could be of dual-use concern: targeted delivery of agents to the central nervous system (CNS), particularly by means of nanotechnology; direct impact of nanomaterials on synaptic functions in the CNS; and neuronal circuits in the brain that might be targeted by those with hostile intent. We attempt to assess the implications of our findings, particularly for the consideration of the problem of state-level interest in so-called nonlethal incapacitating chemical agents for law enforcement at the CWC Review Conference in 2018, but also more generally for the longer-term future of the chemical and biological nonproliferation regime.

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“…The effects of such toxins are often irreversible and cause permanent damage to health. Compared to pathogens, biological toxins are also classified as bioterrorism factors, they are not infectious and do not replicate [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Toxins are significant in the health, food and in the security sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism

Janik

Ceremuga

Saluk‐Bijak

et al. 2019

IJMS

113

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Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group produced by living organisms. One dictionary defines them as “Chemicals produced by living organisms that have toxic properties for another organism”. Toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. The first reason is that many biological toxins can be obtained very easily. Simple bacterial culturing systems and extraction equipment dedicated to plant toxins are cheap and easily available, and can even be constructed at home. Many toxins affect the nervous systems of mammals by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, which gives them their high potential in bioterrorist attacks. Others are responsible for blockage of main cellular metabolism, causing cellular death. Moreover, most toxins act very quickly and are lethal in low doses (LD50 < 25 mg/kg), which are very often lower than chemical warfare agents. For these reasons we decided to prepare this review paper which main aim is to present the high potential of biological toxins as factors of bioterrorism describing the general characteristics, mechanisms of action and treatment of most potent biological toxins. In this paper we focused on six most danger toxins: botulinum toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxins, Clostridium perfringens toxins, ricin, abrin and T-2 toxin. We hope that this paper will help in understanding the problem of availability and potential of biological toxins.

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Military Importance of Natural Toxins and Their Analogs

Cited by 34 publications

References 36 publications

Perspectives and Applications of Natural Products as Civilian Defense Devices

Perspectives and Applications of Natural Products as Civilian Defense Devices

Dual-use nano-neurotechnology

Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism

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