Military Forces in Judaea 6–130 ce: Thestatus quaestionisand Relevance for New Testament Studies

Abstract

The study of the military in the Roman provinces of Judaea is not the most accessible topic. Though the data upon which scholars rely is familiar (e.g., epigraphs, papyri, ancient historians), its study requires significant methodological deviations from biblical studies. This article summarizes key points relevant for scholars of both Jewish antiquity and early Christianity. First, it provides a summary of recent developments in the social history of the Roman army in the Near East, attending especially to the question of the role and function of soldiers in that region. Second, this article provides a brief social history for all military units in Judaea before it was renamed Syria Palaestina in 130 ce (four legions, 14 infantry cohortes, and five cavalry alae), based on the latest discoveries. Finally, the article concludes with a section discussing two issues specific to New Testament studies: the presence of an Italian cohort in Judaea (Acts 10) and the issue of the Augustan cohort in Judaea and Batanaea (Acts 27).

Mark’s σπεκουλάτωρ and the Origin of His Gospel

“…Thorough discussions of Mark's Latinisms can be found in Von Bendemann (2011), Bedenbender (2013: 281-86), and Lamas (2020, but none of them specifically studies the word σπεκουλάτωρ. Zeichmann (2017), despite the title of his article, is not a sociolinguistic study and does not analyse this word.…”

“… 80 Kraeling (1942: 266); Kennedy (1996: 795). Its army would be made up of an equal proportion of Jews and non-Jews (Wilker 2007; Rocca 2008: 133–96; Zeichmann 2018a: 95); cf. ‘Sebastenes’ in Mason (2016: 36). …”