Mild traumatic brain injury increases risk for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

Warren, Ann Marie; Boals, Adriel; Elliott, Timothy R.; Reynolds, Megan; Weddle, R.; Holtz, Pamela M.; Trost, Zina; Foreman, Michael L.

doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000875

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Additionally, although the current analytic strategy of dichotomizing the PTSD and depression scores into positive or negative screens is consistent with recommendations and previous work (Kroenke et al., ; Powers et al., ; Prins et al., ; Roden‐Foreman et al., ; Warren et al., , ; Warren Jones, et al., ; Warren, Reynolds, et al., ), future studies should replicate these findings with longer dimensional measures as well. Finally, further investigation is needed into the relationship between growth and distress.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Data from this study were part of a prospective longitudinal study of patients in an urban Level I trauma center in the Southwest United States (Agtarap, Scott, Warren, & Trost, ; Powers et al., ; Rainey et al., ; Roden‐Foreman et al., ; Trost et al., ; Warren et al., ; Warren et al., ; Warren, Jones, et al., ; Warren, Reynolds, et al., ). Participants were patients 18 years of age and older who were admitted to the trauma service for at least 24 hours with a traumatic injury, as defined by International Classification of Diseases 9th revision coding.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Posttraumatic growth in a heterogeneous sample of traumatically injured patients 1 year postinjury

et al. 2017

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic growth in a heterogeneous sample of traumatically injured patients 1 year postinjury

et al. 2017

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“…The 80.8% dropout rate was unfortunate and high; however, this is not uncommon for mTBI studies. For example, a study conducted by Warren et al witnessed a 53% dropout rate in the 6-month follow-up [32]. The high dropout rate here may pose a bias for the outcomes of the study, despite a statistically insignificant comparison between the dropouts and those who completed the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Psychometric Evaluation of Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality after a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study

Chen

Wong

et al. 2019

Behavioural Neurology

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Introduction. Over 1 million mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cases are reported annually worldwide and may result in cognitive, physical, and emotional deterioration; depression; anxiety; and sleep problems. However, studies on long-term mTBI effects are limited. This study included 440 patients, and regular follow-ups of psychological assessments were performed for 2 years. Four questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Beck’s anxiety inventory (BAI), and Beck’s depression inventory (BDI), were used to evaluate sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Results show that BAI and BDI scores considerably improved at the 6th-week, 1st-year, and 2nd-year follow-ups compared to baseline, yet these remained significantly different. In addition, anxiety and depression were prominent symptoms in a select subgroup of patients with poor initial evaluations, which improved over the 2 years. However, the ESS and PSQI scores fluctuated only mildly over the same time span. In conclusion, the mTBI patients showed a gradual improvement of anxiety and depression over the 2 years following injury. While anxiety and depression levels for mTBI patients in general did not return to premorbid status, improvements were observed. Sleep disorders persisted and were consistent with initial levels of distress.

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“…TBI can also increase the risk for other neurological disorders such as seizures (D'Ambrosio et al, 2004; D'Ambrosio and Perucca, 2004; Curia et al, 2011), Alzheimer’s disease (Sullivan et al, 1987; Schofield et al, 1997; Fleminger et al, 2003; Ikonomovic et al, 2004; DeKosky et al, 2007; Gupta and Sen, 2016; Scott et al, 2016) and Parkinson’s disease (Marras et al, 2014; Acosta et al, 2015; Tanner et al, 2015; Taylor et al, 2016), which further exacerbate neurologic dysfunction. Psychiatric comorbidities, such as major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder are also escalated after TBI (Rogers and Read, 2007; Ponsford et al, 2012; Na et al, 2014; Warren et al, 2015; Alway et al, 2016; Scholten et al, 2016) and further limit the successful integration of patients to society and the workforce. Lastly, while the affective toll of TBI on interpersonal relationships with family, friends, and coworkers is incalculable, the economic cost to society accounts for billions of dollars each year (Max et al, 1991; Selassie et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination therapies for neurobehavioral and cognitive recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury: Is more better?

Kline

Leary

Radabaugh

et al. 2016

Progress in Neurobiology

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health care crisis that affects two million individuals in the United Sates alone and over ten million worldwide each year. While numerous monotherapies have been evaluated and shown to be beneficial at the bench, similar results have not translated to the clinic. One reason for the lack of successful translation may be due to the fact that TBI is a heterogeneous disease that affects multiple mechanisms, thus requiring a therapeutic approach that can act on complementary, rather than single, targets. Hence, the use of combination therapies (i.e., polytherapy) has emerged as a viable approach. Stringent criteria, such as verification of each individual treatment plus the combination, a focus on behavioral outcome, and post-injury vs. pre-injury treatments, were employed to determine which studies were appropriate for review. The selection process resulted in 37 papers that fit the specifications. The review, which is the first to comprehensively assess the effects of combination therapies on behavioral outcomes after TBI, encompasses five broad categories (inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter dysregulation, neurotrophins, and stem cells, with and without rehabilitative therapies). Overall, the findings suggest that combination therapies can be more beneficial than monotherapies as indicated by 46% of the studies exhibiting an additive or synergistic positive effect versus on 19% reporting a negative interaction. These encouraging findings serve as an impetus for continued combination studies after TBI and ultimately for the development of successful clinically relevant therapies.

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Mild traumatic brain injury increases risk for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract: Prognostic study, level III.

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Posttraumatic growth in a heterogeneous sample of traumatically injured patients 1 year postinjury

Posttraumatic growth in a heterogeneous sample of traumatically injured patients 1 year postinjury

Psychometric Evaluation of Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality after a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study

Combination therapies for neurobehavioral and cognitive recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury: Is more better?

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